Table 4.

Identified intrinsic viral hazards in the ELS

Material	Characteristics	Family	Viral hazard	Species reported to be affected	Reference from the viral hazard identification
Hides and skins	Enveloped DNA	Poxviridae	Orthopoxvirus	Cattle	Damaso et al. (2000)
	Enveloped DNA	Poxviridae	Camelpox virus	Camelids	Otterbein et al. (1996), Balamurugan et al. (2013)
	Enveloped DNA	Poxviridae	Cutaneous avian poxvirus	Poultry	Ferreira et al. (2018)
	Enveloped DNA	Alloherpesviridae	Koi herpesvirus	Fish	Pokorova et al. (2005)
	Enveloped DNA	Poxviridae	Lumpy skin disease virus	Cattle, water buffalo	Biosecurity New Zealand (2007), Davies (1991), Carn (1993), Tuppurainen and Oura (2012), Tuppurainen et al. (2017), Abutarbush et al. (2016), Gelaye and Lamien (2019)
	Enveloped DNA	Herpesviridae	Marek's disease virus	Chicken	Jarosinski et al. (2007)
	Enveloped DNA	Poxviridae	Myxoma virus	Rabbit	Meredith (2013)
	Enveloped DNA	Poxviridae	Orf virus (Parapoxvirus)	Sheep, goats	Huerter et al. (1991), Haig and Mercer (1998), Haig and McInnes (2002), Lateef et al. (2010), Nandi et al. (2011), Fleming et al. (2015)
	Enveloped DNA	Poxviridae	Parapoxvirus	Deer	Ueda et al. (2007)
	Enveloped DNA	Poxviridae	Sheep poxvirus and Goat poxvirus	Sheep, goats	Biosecurity New Zealand (2007), Carn (1993), Babiuk et al. (2008), Tuppurainen et al. (2017)
	Enveloped RNA	Flaviviridae	Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (type 2)*	Cattle, sheep, pigs	Biosecurity New Zealand (2007), Grooms and Keilen (2002), Brodersen (2004), Babiuk et al. (2008)
	Enveloped RNA	Flaviviridae	Classical swine fever virus*	Pigs	Kaden et al. (2007)
	Enveloped RNA	Amnoonviridae	Tilapia lake virus	Fish	Behera et al. (2018)
	Non‐enveloped DNA	Papillomaviridae	Bovine papillomavirus	Equines, cattle	Borzacchiello et al. (2008), Taylor and Haldorson (2013), Trewby et al. (2014), Bocaneti et al. (2016)
	Non‐enveloped DNA	Papillomaviridae	Cottontail rabbit papillomavirus	Rabbit	Han et al. (1998)
	Non‐enveloped RNA	Reoviridae	Bluetongue virus	Sheep, cattle	MacLachlan et al. (2009)
	Non‐enveloped RNA	Picornaviridae	Foot and mouth disease virus*	Cloven‐hoofed animals	Biosecurity New Zealand (2007), Nfon et al. (2008)
	Non‐enveloped RNA	Picornaviridae	Swine vesicular disease virus	Pigs	Biosecurity New Zealand (2007)
Wool and hair	Enveloped DNA	Poxviridae	Sheep and Goat poxviruses	Sheep, goats, Cattle	Zhou et al. (2012), Gale et al. (2016)
	Enveloped RNA	Flaviviridae	Bovine viral diarrhoea* virus	Cattle	Singh et al. (2011), Callan et al. (2002)
	Non‐enveloped RNA	Picornaviridae	Foot and mouth disease* virus	Sheep	McColl et al. (1995)
	Non‐enveloped DNA	Parvoviridae	Ungulate tetraparvovirus	Mule deer	Li et al. (2016)
	Enveloped DNA	Poxviridae	Orf virus (Parapoxvirus)	Sheep	Fleming et al. (2017)
	Enveloped RNA	Flaviviridae	Border disease virus (BDV)	Sheep	Kalaiyarasu et al. (2019)
Feathers and down	Non‐enveloped DNA	Anelloviridae	Chicken anaemia virus	Poultry	Todd (2000), Davidson and Skoda (2005), Hernandez‐Divers et al. (2006)
	Non‐enveloped DNA	Circoviridae	Duck circovirus	Duck	Liu et al. (2020)
	Enveloped RNA	Orthomyxoviridae	Avian influenza virus*	Poultry	Kaleta and Hönicke (2004), Hafez (2005), Dudley (2008), Beato et al. (2009), Yamamoto et al. (2010, 2017), Huchzermeyer (1997)
	Enveloped RNA	Paramyxoviridae	Newcastle disease virus*	Poultry	Hafez (2005), Huchzermeyer (1997), Hernandez‐Divers et al. (2006)
	Enveloped DNA	Herpesviridae	Marek′s disease virus	Poultry	Couteaudier and Denesvre (2014), Couteaudier et al. (2016), Zhang et al. (2015), Davidson et al. (2005); Denesvre (2013)
	Enveloped DNA	Poxviridae	Fowlpox virus	Poultry	Davidson and Skoda (2005)
	Enveloped RNA	Retroviridae	Reticuloendotheliosis virus	Poultry	Davidson and Skoda (2005)
	Enveloped RNA	Retroviridae	Avian leucosis virus	Poultry	Davidson and Skoda (2005)
	Enveloped RNA	Flaviviridae	West Nile virus	Avian carcasses	Nemeth et al. (2009)
Pig bristles	None reported
Horns, horn products, hooves and hoof products	Non‐enveloped RNA	Picornaviridae	Senecavirus A	Pigs, cattle	Niedbalski and Fitzner (2019)

^*viral hazards for which thermal inactivation kinetics or other relevant information was already available (REFRESH study: Hayrapetyan et al., 2019).