Table 1.

Summary table of described example lncRNAs with subcellular localisation, type, function, conservation, and disease relevance

LncRNA	Subcellular localisation	Type	Function	Conservation status	Disease	References
CHASERR/Chaserr	Nuclear	Intergenic	Maintains Chd2 expression levels.	Sequentially and syntenically conserved between humans and mice. Extron–intron structure and some sequence conserved across vertebrates.	Chd2 is implicated in neurological disease.	14
LINC00261	Nuclear	Intergenic	Negative regulator of cell growth.	Syntenically homologous from humans to sea urchins. Some sequence homology in first exon.	Downregulated in multiple cancers, including endometrial and gastric.	13, 16
Cerox1 (Figure 6B)	Cytoplasmic	Intergenic, bi‐directional	miRNA decoy, regulates abundance of mitochondrial complex 1 transcript.	Sequentially and syntenically conserved between humans and mice. Sequential conservation of exon 2 across mammals.	May have links to neurological diseases.	18
Uchl1‐AS1 (Figures 4 and 6C)	Nuclear/Cytoplasmic	Anti‐sense	Translation regulation (lncRNA–mRNA interaction).	Conserved between humans and mice.	Downregulated in a neurochemical model of Parkinson's disease.	78
PAPAS (Figures 3A and 5A)	Nuclear (Nucleolus)	Anti‐sense	Represses rRNA synthesis at elevated temperatures.	Not examined	Hepatocellular carcinoma, triple negative breast cancer and aging.	96, 97
XIST (Figure 4)	Nuclear (Nuclear matrix)	Intergenic	X Chromosome inactivation.	In all placental mammals, with varying exonic and sequential conservation.	Its disruption can lead to cancer.	98, 99
MEG3 (Figure 5B)	Nuclear	Intergenic	Acts as a tumour suppressor by stimulating p53. Regulates TGF‐β pathway genes. RNA–RNA interactions.	Tertiary structure conservation across most placental mammals. Unreliable detection across marsupials.	Associated with Huntington's disease and diabetic retinopathy. Tumour suppressor.	100, 101, 102
linc‐RoR (Figure 3C)	Cytoplasmic	Intergenic	miRNA sponge, role in maintenance of pluripotency.	No evidence	Promotes oncogenesis in human Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma.	63, 64
lincRNA‐p21 (Figure 6E)	Nuclear	Intergenic	Interacts with hnRNPK; Repressor of p53‐dependent transcriptional responses. Highly enriched in exosomes	Alu sequence elements conserved in mouse	Oncogenic role in prostate cancer.	48, 103, 104
HOTAIR	Nuclear	Anti‐sense	Hox gene expression regulation during development	Strong sequence conservation within primates, but poor across mammals. Evidence of structural conservation.	Oncogenic role in cancers including breast, gastric, colorectal and cervical.	105, 106, 107, 108
yylncT (Figure 3C)	Nuclear	Bi‐directional	Required for correct lineage specification during development	A syntenic transcript was detected in E6.5 mouse embryos	Protects development from aberrant de novo methylation.	62
HOTTIP (Figure 5C)	Nuclear	Anti‐sense	Participates in the spatial regulation of Hox gene expression during development	Conserved in mice and humans	Lung cancers.	109, 110
NBAT‐1	Nuclear	Anti‐sense	Transcription regulation, miRNA sponge.	Some sequence conservation across mammals.	Significantly lower expression in high‐risk neuroblastoma tumours. Potential biomarker for neuroblastoma progression.	70
LINK‐A/LINC01139 (Figure 7B)	Nuclear/Cytoplasmic	Intergenic	Lipid binding, kinase activation.	No evidence	Upregulated in cancer, correlated with poor prognosis in breast cancer.	73
BC200/ BCYRN1 (Figure 7C)	Cytoplasmic	Intergenic	Translation initiation repression in dendrites (RNPs)	Conserved in primates, has an orthologue in rodents	Implicated in Alzheimer's disease.	75
HTT‐AS (Figure 7D)	Nuclear	Anti‐sense	Transcription regulation	No evidence	Associated with Huntington's disease.	79