Table 1. Characteristics of included studies.
| Outcomes | Types of Trauma | Study design | Diagnostic Criteria | Illness duration in months ± SD | Type of neuroimaging study | N (PTSD, non-PTSD) | Male (%) | Mean age in years ± SD | MDD Comorbidity (PTSD%/ non-PTSD%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||||||
| PTSD | non-PTSD | PTSD | Non-PTSD | |||||||||
| Heyn, 201930 | PFC, precentral gyrus, amygdala, hippocampus | Mixed | Cohort | DSM-IV | -- | MRI 3-T fMRI | 48 (27/21)* | 33% | 23% | 14.01±2.81 | 13.92±2.44 | 44%/-- |
| Yoon, 201731 | PFC, amygdala, hippocampus | Subway fire Disaster | Cohort | DSM-IV | 1.65 | MRI 3-TDTI | 59 (30/29)* | 36.7 | 38.0 | 27 | 26.4 | --/-- |
| Keding, 201532 | vm-PFC, ACC | Mixed | Cross-sectional | DSM-IV | 46±36 | MRI 3-T | 54 (27/27)* | 33% | 52% | 14.2±2.7 | 13.6±3.0 | 70%/-- |
| Chao, 201433 | Hippocampus, caudate nucleus | War trauma | Cross-sectional | DSM-IV | 200.4±104.4 | MRI 1.5-T | 55 (55/0)† | 90% | -- | 44.9±8.9 | -- | --/-- |
| Cardenas, 201134 | Whole brain volume | Mixed | Cohort | DSM-IV | 372±72 | MRI 1.5-T | 47 (25/22)‡ | 100% | 100% | 50.5±6.6 | 52.1±5.6 | --/-- |
| Felmingham, 200935 | GMV of the hippocampus and ACC | Mixed | Cross-sectional | ICD-10 | 66 | MRI 1.5-T | 38 (21/17)† | NA | NA | NA | NA | 52%/0% |
| Hakamata, 200736 | GMV of the right OFC | Breast cancer | Cohort | DSM-IV | -- | MRI 1.5-T | 76 (9/67)† | 100% | 100% | 45.6±6.2 | 47.1±5.7 | 78%/21% |
| Villarreal, 200237 | Hippocampus, CSF total WMV, total GMV | Mixed | Cross-sectional | DSM-IV | -- | MRI 1.5-T | 22 (12/10)* | 17% | 20% | 43±9.3 | 44±11.4 | 42%/-- |
| Bonne, 200138 | Hippocampus, amygdala | Mixed | Cohort | DSM-IV | -- | MRI 2-T | 37 (10/27)† | 30% | 56% | 33.7±8.9 | 29.8±10.1 | --/-- |
| De Bellis, 199939 | Cerebral and intracranial volume | Mixed | Cross-sectional | DSM-IV DSM-III-R | 33.6±25.2 | MRI 1.5-T | 105 (44/61)* | 57% | 59% | 12.2±2.4 | 12.0±2.3 | 45%/0% |
* Trauma-unexposed controls; † trauma-exposed controls; ‡ part of the controls had been exposed to trauma.
ACC = anterior cingulate cortex; DSM = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; fMRI = functional MRI; ICD = International Classification of Diseases; GMV = grey matter volume; MDD = major depressive disorder; m-PFC = medial prefrontal cortex; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging; OFC = orbitofrontal cortex; PCC = posterior cingulate cortex; PFC = prefrontal cortex; PTSD = post-traumatic stress disorder; vl = ventrolateral; vm = ventromedial.