Fig 4. Reductions in the levels of catabolic markers and inflammatory cytokines in OA rats and human chondrocytes.
(A, B) Immunohistochemical staining was used to identify MMP1 and MMP3. (C) qRT-PCR analysis of the levels of mRNAs encoding MMP3, MMP13 and MCP-1 in IL-1β (20 ng/mL)-stimulated OA chondrocytes in the presence or absence of (various concentrations of) GLME (10, 100, 250 μg/mL) and Celecoxib (10 μM). (D) IL-6 and MCP-1 levels in cell supernatants were measured via sandwich ELISAs. (E) OA chondrocyte cell viability in the presence or absence of GLME, as revealed by the CCK8 assay. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001 compared to the vehicle-treated group.