Table 4. S. mansoni infection intensity by morbidity in the 2017 study.
Study conducted in 13 purposively selected villages in Ituri Province (n = 586). Only results of the Kato-Katz diagnostic approach have been considered in this analysis.
| Characteristics | S. mansoni infection intensity | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Negative | Light | Moderate | Heavy | χ2 | p-value | |||||
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |||
| Overall | 239 | 40.8 | 216 | 36.9 | 89 | 15.2 | 42 | 7.2 | ||
| Gender | ||||||||||
| Females | 152 | 44.4 | 117 | 34.2 | 50 | 14.6 | 23 | 6.7 | ||
| Males | 87 | 35.7 | 99 | 40.6 | 39 | 16.0 | 19 | 7.8 | 4.66 | 0.198 |
| Age categories (years) | ||||||||||
| 6–9 | 50 | 40.7 | 47 | 38.2 | 18 | 14.6 | 8 | 6.5 | ||
| 10–14 | 49 | 35.0 | 49 | 35.0 | 24 | 17.1 | 18 | 12.9 | ||
| 15–19 | 19 | 28.0 | 25 | 37.3 | 17 | 25.4 | 6 | 9.0 | ||
| 20–29 | 27 | 35.0 | 32 | 41.6 | 11 | 14.3 | 7 | 9.1 | ||
| 30–39 | 31 | 45.6 | 26 | 38.2 | 9 | 13.3 | 2 | 2.9 | ||
| 40–49 | 27 | 51.9 | 18 | 34.6 | 6 | 11.6 | 1 | 1.9 | ||
| ≥50 | 36 | 61.0 | 19 | 32.2 | 4 | 6.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 36.68 | 0.006 |
| Soil-transmitted helminths | ||||||||||
| T. trichiura (Y/N) | 2 | 0.8 | 1 | 0.5 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1.18 | 0.758 |
| Ascaris (Y/N) | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 2.4 | 13.0 | 0.005 |
| Hookworm (Y/N) | 3 | 1.3 | 1 | 0.5 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 2.21 | 0.530 |
| Anthropometry (BMI) | ||||||||||
| Obese | 33 | 56.9 | 20 | 34.5 | 4 | 6.9 | 1 | 1.7 | ||
| Overweight | 13 | 54.2 | 9 | 37.5 | 2 | 8.3 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
| Normal weight | 96 | 40.7 | 89 | 37.7 | 37 | 15.7 | 14 | 5.9 | ||
| Underweight | 97 | 36.2 | 98 | 36.5 | 46 | 17.2 | 27 | 10.1 | 18.15 | 0.033 |
| Clinical findings | ||||||||||
| Diarrhoea (Y/N) | 41 | 17.2 | 56 | 25.9 | 23 | 25.8 | 17 | 40.5 | 13.11 | 0.004 |
| Blood in stool (Y/N) | 42 | 17.6 | 32 | 14.8 | 30 | 33.7 | 22 | 52.4 | 39.49 | <0.001 |
| Abdom. pain (Y/N) | 124 | 51.9 | 107 | 49.5 | 52 | 58.4 | 26 | 61.9 | 3.53 | 0.317 |
| Hematemesis (Y/N) | 3 | 1.3 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 1.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1.28 | 0.733 |
| Ultrasound findings | ||||||||||
| Hepatomegaly (Y/N) | 54 | 22.6 | 65 | 30.1 | 20 | 22.5 | 16 | 38.1 | 6.95 | 0.073 |
| Splenomegaly (Y/N) | 48 | 20.1 | 48 | 22.2 | 28 | 31.5 | 24 | 57.1 | 28.88 | <0.001 |
| Ascites (Y/N) | 3 | 1.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 1.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 3.19 | 0.364 |
| A/B patterns (Y/N) | 146 | 44.5 | 120 | 36.6 | 43 | 13.1 | 19 | 5.8 | ||
| C/D patterns (Y/N) | 80 | 37.6 | 79 | 37.1 | 37 | 17.4 | 17 | 8.0 | ||
| E/F patterns (Y/N) | 10 | 26.3 | 13 | 34.2 | 9 | 23.7 | 6 | 15.8 | ||
| Fatty liver (Y/N) | 2 | 33.3 | 4 | 66.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
| Other (Y/N) | 1 | 100 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
BMI: body mass index; Abdom.: abdominal. A pattern: normal; B pattern: “starry sky”; C pattern: “rings and pipe-stems”; D pattern: “highly echogenic ruff around portal bifurcation”; E pattern: “highly echogenic patches”; F pattern: “highly echogenic bands and streaks–bird’s claw”; Fatty liver and Other non-identified pathology indicate pathology different from periportal fibrosis. [22,23].