Table 1. Distribution of serum concentrations of carotenoids and vitamins, and Spearman’s correlation coefficients with age and smoking.

	Geometric means (µM) and means ± SD†				Spearman’s correlation coefficients
					Age		Smoking ‡		Alcohol drinking ‡
	Males (n=866)		Females (n=569)		Males	Females	Males	Females	Males	Females
Zeaxanthin/lutein	0.91	0.52, 1.60	1.02	0.59, 1.76	0.04	-0.00	-0.08**	-0.03	0.01	-0.02
Canthaxanthin	0.03	0.01, 0.05	0.03	0.02, 0.05	0.01	-0.09*	-0.06+	-0.04	-0.06*	0.00
β-Cryptoxanthin	0.17	0.06, 0.50	0.32	0.13, 0.81	-0.02	-0.08+	-0.15**	-0.02	-0.17**	0.05
Total xantophylls	1.18	0.66, 2.12	1.46	0.83, 2.57	0.02	-0.02	-0.12**	0.01	-0.04	0.00
α-Carotene	0.05	0.02, 0.13	0.09	0.04, 0.19	0.02	-0.10*	-0.13**	-0.00	-0.17**	0.04
β-Carotene	0.32	0.11, 0.97	0.64	0.26, 1.55	0.08*	-0.03	-0.17**	-0.04	-0.21**	0.00
Lycopene	0.11	0.04, 0.33	0.20	0.08, 0.52	-0.06*	-0.06	-0.08*	-0.08*	-0.11**	0.01
Total carotenes	0.53	0.20, 1.42	1.00	0.45, 2.22	0.04	-0.06	-0.17**	-0.05	-0.20**	0.01
Total carotenoids	1.78	0.92, 3.46	2.54	1.38, 4.68	0.03	-0.04	-0.16**	-0.01	-0.12**	0.01

** p<0.01, * p<0.05, + p<0.1

† : Backtransformation from log-transformed data

‡ : Smoking and drinking were ranked, and missing numbers were supplied, as described in Methods part.