Table 3. Spearman’s correlation coefficients of specific dietary habits with carotenoids adjusted for age, smoking, and drinking.
| Zeaxanthin/ lutein |
Cantha- xanthin |
β-Crypto- xanthin |
Total xantophylls |
α-Carotene | β-Carotene | Lycopene | Total carotenes |
Total carotenoids |
|
| Males | |||||||||
| Green-leafy vegetables | 0.08* | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.07+ | 0.09** | 0.06+ | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
| Carrots and squash | 0.09** | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.06+ | 0.08* | 0.08* | 0.05 | 0.07* | 0.06+ |
| Tomatoes | 0.09** | -0.00 | -0.03 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.12** | 0.08* | 0.07* |
| Oranges | 0.11** | 0.09* | 0.23** | 0.17** | 0.16** | 0.14** | 0.09* | 0.14** | 0.17** |
| Fruits other than oranges | 0.10** | 0.07+ | 0.16** | 0.13** | 0.12** | 0.15** | 0.08* | 0.13** | 0.13** |
| Eggs | 0.14** | 0.10** | 0.05 | 0.13** | 0.08* | 0.09** | 0.03 | 0.07* | 0.11** |
| Milk | 0.18** | 0.13** | 0.25** | 0.22** | 0.23** | 0.25** | 0.13** | 0.24** | 0.24** |
| Sansai† | -0.01 | -0.09* | -0.15** | -0.06+ | -0.09* | -0.13** | -0.10** | -0.14** | -0.11** |
| Females | |||||||||
| Green-leafy vegetables | 0.04 | -0.01 | -0.00 | 0.04 | -0.00 | -0.00 | -0.00 | -0.00 | 0.01 |
| Carrots and squash | 0.03 | -0.00 | -0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | -0.01 | -0.01 | -0.01 | 0.00 |
| Tomatoes | 0.06 | 0.05 | -0.04 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.13** | 0.07+ | 0.05 |
| Oranges | 0.02 | 0.10* | 0.19** | 0.11** | 0.00 | 0.02 | -0.13** | -0.03 | 0.04 |
| Fruits other than oranges | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.09* | 0.09+ | 0.02 | 0.03 | -0.05 | 0.00 | 0.05 |
| Eggs | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.03 | -0.01 | -0.02 | -0.01 | -0.02 | -0.00 |
| Milk | 0.07+ | 0.06 | 0.08+ | 0.09* | 0.06 | 0.06 | -0.02 | 0.04 | 0.06 |
| Sansai† | -0.04 | -0.09* | -0.13** | -0.08+ | -0.10* | -0.09+ | -0.07 | -0.09* | -0.10* |
** p<0.01, * p<0.05, + p<0.1
† : Edible wild plants.