Table 2. Possible relation of food to the risk of bile duct and gallbladder cancer.

Author	Year	Place	Study design	Site	Item	Sex	Risk ratio	(95% CI)	note
JACC study	1988-1997	Japan	cohort	both	High intake of cheese	male	1.37	(0.71-2.70)	Adjusted risk ratio by using Cox’s proportional hazard model by age Risk ratio of gall bladder cancer in male was not able to be calculatd because of less cases
						female	1.19	(0.61-2.30)
				both	High intake of butter	male	0.77	(0.40-1.50)
						female	0.87	(0.46-1.67)
				both	Moderate intake of fried food	male	2.58	(1.08-6.16)
						female	2.96	(1.28-6.86)
				both	Moderate intake of fish	male	0.55	(0.29-1.05)
						female	0.83	(0.44-1.54)
				both	High intake of spinach	male	0.99	(0.47-2.07)
						female	1.73	(0.87-3.43)
				both	High intake of boiled bean	male	2.09	(0.40-1.51)
						female	0.67	(0.36-1.21)
				Gallbladder cancer	High intake of cheese	female	1.26	(0.51-3.09)
				Gallbladder cancer	High intake of butter	female	1.04	(0.43-2.53)
				Gallbladder cancer	Moderate intake of fried food	female	3.15	(1.03-9.59)
				Gallbladder cancer	Moderate intake of fish	female	0.38	(0.16-0.95)
				Gallbladder cancer	High intake of spinach	female	3.72	(1.38-10.10)
				Gallbladder cancer	High intake of boiled bean	female	0.79	(0.36-1.71)
				Bile duct cancer	High intake of cheese	male	1.54	(0.68-3.47)
						female	1.12	(0.42-2.92)
				Bile duct cancer	High intake of butter	male	0.88	(0.40-1.97)
						female	0.72	(0.28-1.81)
				Bile duct cancer	Moderate intake of fried food	male	1.92	(0.78-4.74)
						female	2.72	(0.76-9.77)
				Bile duct cancer	Moderate intake of fish	male	0.74	(0.34-1.61)
						female	1.76	(0.70-4.43)
				Bile duct cancer	High intake of spinach	male	1.11	(0.46-2.69)
						female	0.66	(0.22-1.98)
				Bile duct cancer	High intake of boiled bean	male	0.47	(0.19-1.15)
						female	0.55	(0.22-1.35)
Kato K. et al.	1982-1986	Japan	case-control	Gallbladder cancer	Oily food	both	3.29	(1.68-6.43)	Adjusted odds ratio by using a conditional logis- tic model by foods items.
				Gallbladder cancer	Taking snack (every day)	both	0.26	(0.09-0.72)
				Gallbladder cancer	Fruit (everyday)	both	0.26	(0.13-0.50)
				Gallbladder cancer	Coffee (everyday)	both	0.25	(0.09-0.68)
				Gallbladder cancer	Broiled fish(3 times/week)	both	0.33	(0.15-0.71)
				Bile duct cancer	Quantity of ingestion (small)	both	3.26	(1.32-8.03)
				Bile duct cancer	Sliced raw fish (3 times/week)	both	20.60	(1.98-214.11)
				Bile duct cancer	Alcohol (occasionally-everyday)	both	0.46	(0.23-0.93)
				Bile duct cancer	Broiled fish (3 times/week)	both	0.39	(0.20-0.75)
Hirayama T	1966-1982	Japan	cohort	both	Smoking	both	1.27	(1.03-1.48)	Risk ratio not adjusted
				both	Milk (everyday 300 ml/day)	both	1.58	(1.05-2.37)
				both	Fish (everyday)	both	1.28	(1.11-1.48)
				Bile duct cancer	Fish (everyday)	both	1.38	(1.12-1.70)
				Bile duct cancer	Fish (everyday)	female	1.54	(1.12-1.70)
Serra I, et al.	1992-1995	Chile	case-control	Gallbladder cancer	Fresh fruit (less than 1 piece/week)	both	6.4	(1.4-30.3)	Risk ratio not adjusted
				Gallbladder cancer	Sugar intake as soft drink (rarely)	both	3.6	(1.3-10.1)
				Gallbladder cancer	Red chili pepper (>20 g/day)	both	2.9	(1.5-5.6)
				Gallbladder cancer	Green chili pepper (>20 g/day)	both	2.9	(1.3-10.1)
				Gallbladder cancer	Fried foods (>200 g/day)	both	2.1	(1.1-3.8)
Pandy M, et al.	2002	India	case-control	Gallbladder cancer	Green chili	both	0.45	(0.21-0.94)	Risk ratio not adjusted
				Gallbladder cancer	Radish	both	0.40	(0.17-0.94)
				Gallbladder cancer	Sweet potato	both	0.33	(0.13-0.83)
				Gallbladder cancer	Mango	both	0.40	(0.16-0.99)
				Gallbladder cancer	Orange	both	0.45	(0.22-0.83)
				Gallbladder cancer	Melon	both	0.30	(0.14-0.60)
				Gallbladder cancer	Papaya	both	0.44	(0.20-0.64)

CI: confidence interval.