Fig. 6.

In vivo exposure to TLR ligands or TNF-α correlates with increased mo-mac or mo-DC differentiation. (A–C) Pam3, TNF-α, or PBS as control, was injected intradermally in the ears of C57B6/J mice. Single cell suspensions were prepared by mechanical and enzymatic digestion. (A) Uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) representation of the 11 cell clusters identified by FlowSOM unsupervised analysis. Each dot represents an individual cell. n = 5 mice in two independent experiments. (B and C) Total cell numbers of monocytes, differentiating monocytes, mo-mac, resident macrophages (resident mac), and mo-DC are represented upon Pam3 (B, day 2 [D2] and day 4 [D4]) or TNF-α (C, day 2) injection. Each symbol corresponds to an individual mouse (three independent experiments). Student’s t test. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ****P < 0.0001. (D and E) Gene expression data were extracted from indicated public datasets. GSEA was performed for monocyte, mo-DC, and mo-mac gene signatures. BubbleGUM representations of the GSEA results are shown. (D) GSEA on datasets from synovial biopsies from joints of RA or OA patients. (E) GSEA on datasets from skin biopsies from lesional or healthy skin of HSV2 infected patients. The normalized enrichment score (NES) and the false discovery rate (FDR) correspond to the strength and the significance of the result respectively. ns, not significant.