Table 2.
Frequencies and percentages of stance markers in the two corpora.
| Grammatical Stance Marker | Grammatical Constructions | AL |
L |
Chi2 | Sig. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency (12,430) | Percentage (1000)∗ | Frequency (13,130) | Percentage (1000)∗ | ||||
| A. Stance Adverbials | 1. Single adverbs and adverb phrases | 24 | 0.002 | 12 | 0.0009 | 4.000 | 0.046∗ |
| 2. Hedges | 6 | 0.00048 | 0 | 0.00% | - | - | |
| 3. Prepositional phrases | 0 | 0.00% | 12 | 0.00093 | - | - | |
| 4. Adverbial clauses | 0 | 0.00% | 42 | 0.0032 | - | - | |
| 5. Comment clauses | 0 | 0.00% | 6 | 0.0004 | - | - | |
| Total | 30 | 0.0024% | 72 | 0.0055% | 17.294 | 0.00∗ | |
| B. Stance Complement Clauses | 1. Controlled by a verb | 174 | 0.014 | 132 | 0.010 | 5.765 | 0.016∗ |
| 2. Controlled by an adjective | 24 | 0.002 | 30 | 0.0022 | 0.667 | 0.414 | |
| 3. Extraposed structures | 18 | 0.0014 | 18 | 0.0014 | 0.111 | 0.739 | |
| 4. Controlled by a noun | 0 | 0.00 | 6 | 0.0004 | - | - | |
| Total | 216 | 1.74% | 186 | 1.42% | 1.180 | 0.277 | |
| C. Modals and Semi-modals | Might, Has to, Must, May | 60 | 0.0048 | 54 | 0.0041 | 0.316 | 0.574 |
| D. Stance Noun + Prepositional Phrase | Possibility, Fear | 48 | 0.0038 | 84 | 0.0064 | 5.541 | 0.019∗ |
| E. Premodifying Stance Adverb (Stance Adverb + Adjective or Noun Phrase) | So, Really, About | 12 | 0.00096 | 6 | 0.0004 | 2.000 | 0.157 |
| Total | 366 | 0.029 | 402 | 0.030 | 1.688 | 0.194 | |
∗
Percentages are counted per 1000 words.