Table 1.
Weighted Descriptive Statistics (N = 18,174)
| Kindergarten | First grade | Third grade | Fourth Grade | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| % or M (SD) | % or M (SD) | % or M (SD) | % or M/(SD) | |
| Male | 51.10% | - | - | - |
| Child Race/Ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 46.70% | - | - | - |
| Hispanic (any race) | 25.20% | - | - | - |
| Asian | 8.50% | - | - | - |
| Two or more races | 4.50% | - | - | - |
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 0.92% | - | - | - |
| Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 0.64% | - | - | - |
| Parental income category (median) | $45,000-50,000 | - | $50,000-55,000 | - |
| Parent education | 4.59 (1.88) | 4.73 (1.95) | ||
| Body mass index (BMI) | 16.62 (2.47) | 18.63 (4.00) | ||
| Activity level relative to other children | 2.60 (.79) | - | 2.57 (.84) | - |
| Number of days per week physically active | 5.15 (1.87) | - | 4.44 (2.18) | - |
| Sports participation | - | - | ||
| Group sports | 52.30% | - | 64.50% | - |
| Individual sports | 55.80% | - | 55.50% | - |
| Executive functions (EFs) | ||||
| Inhibitory control | 5.06 (1.29) | 5.07 (1.28) | 3.69 (0.82) | 3.74 (0.81) |
| Cognitive flexibility | 15.17 (2.76) | 16.08 (2.33) | 7.22 (1.07) | 7.66 (0.94) |
| Working memory | 449.73 (30.35) | 469.79 (25.21) | 490.08 (21.60) | 497.70 (20.93) |
| EF-related skills | ||||
| Attentional control | 4.90 (1.33) | 4.87 (1.29) | 3.49 (1.12) | 3.54 (1.11) |
| Social self-control | 3.18 (0.63) | 3.22 (.62) | 3.27 (.62) | 3.28 (0.60) |