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. 2021 Dec 2;12:7031. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-27133-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a Graphical representation of the human epithelial biopsy culture. b, c Basolateral (b) and apical radioactivity (c) of dipeptide [³H]GlySar, n = 7 per group of epithelial biopsy insets cultured seven days with PPARα antagonist 5 μM GW-6471 or DMSO. d, e Apical concentration of free fatty acids (d) and calculated palmitate absorption between 2 and 4 h, n = 7 (vehicle), 6 (GW-6471) biopsy insets (e). f Trans-epithelial electrical resistance at the end of the experiment, n = 7 (vehicle), six (GW-6471) biopsy insets. g, h Full villi lengths n = 88 (vehicle), 63 (GW-6471), pooled from n = 5 (vehicle), four (GW-6471) biopsy insets after nine days of treatment (g) and representative H&E staining with villi tracing (h). i, j Full villi lengths after nine days of incubation with PPARα antagonist 5 μM NXT-629 (n = 70 villi), or vehicle (n = 38 villi), pooled from four cell culture insets per group (i) and representative H&E staining of villi (j). k Palmitate absorption in 4 h, from n = 6 (vehicle) and four (NXT-629) insets per group, calculated from apical FFA concentration measurements. l Graphical representation of the mechanism of pharmacological PPARα agonism (Wy-14643) and antagonism (GW-6471), and of the fatty acid oxidation inhibitor etomoxir. m Fatty acid oxidation in human epithelial samples measured by scintillation counting of [¹⁴C]CO₂ that is released by in vitro β-oxidation of [¹⁴C]-palmitate, n = 2 (DMSO, etomoxir), three (Wy-14643, Wy-14643+etomoxir). n–p Basolateral radioactivity of dipeptide [³H]GlySar after 4 h of transport (n), palmitate absorption in 4 h, calculated from apical FFA measurements (o) and relative qPCR gene expression in epithelial biopsies, normalized to Tbp (p) after 10-day inhibition with DMSO, 4 μM Wy-14643, 50 μM etomoxir, and Wy-14643 + etomoxir, n = 6 biopsy insets per group. q Relative qPCR gene expression after GW-6471 treatment, n = 7 (vehicle), eight (GW-6471) insets per group. b–h and q are pools from two independent experiments. All data represent mean ± S.D, *P ≤ 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 of t-test confidence level 95%. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.