. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Aug 1.

Published in final edited form as: Psychol Serv. 2021 Jun 3;19(3):471–479. doi: 10.1037/ser0000561

Table 3 -.

Main Effects Regression Results of the Associations Between Veterans’ Residential Neighborhood Characteristics and their VA Healthcare Use among Formerly Homeless HUD-VASH Veterans during the year following HUD-VASH housing placement

	Emergency department high-utilization¹ OR (95% CI)	# Primary care visits IRR (95% CI)	# Outpatient mental health visits IRR (95% CI)
*Neighborhood characteristics*
% Veterans²	1.25 (1.04, 1.50)^*	1.06 (0.98, 1.14)	0.94 (0.86, 1.03)
% Poverty²	1.14 (0.89, 1.44)	1.02 (0.96, 1.09)	0.96 (0.90, 1.03)
% Unemployed²	0.74 (0.38, 1.45)	1.02 (0.85, 1.23)	0.89 (0.77, 1.03)
% property vacancies²	0.65 (0.29, 1.43)	0.88 (0.72, 1.07)	1.25 (1.04, 1.51)^*
% households using public transportation²	1.13 (1.05, 1.21)^*	1.03 (1.00, 1.06)^*	0.98 (0.95, 1.01)
Social vulnerability index: Socioeconomic status index	1.33 (0.40, 4.45)	1.23 (0.85, 1.77)	0.98 (0.70., 1.37)

Notes:

^1.

High-utilization defined as having 4+ emergency department/urgent care visits in a year;

^2.

Per 10 percentage point increase

denotes statistical significance at p<0.05; OR = Odds Ratio; IRR = incident rate ratio. Each neighborhood characteristics modeled in a separate regression model. Models controlled for age, gender, race/ethnicity, marital status, child custody status, level of healthcare need, homelessness history, and prior HUD-VASH exit in the same year.