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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol. 2021 Jun 3;50(2):193–210. doi: 10.1007/s10802-021-00829-6

Table 4.

Distal child psychopathology outcomes

Effect Wald χ2 df p Value
Cross-sectional
  Emotional negativity 33.86 3 .000
  Emotion regulation 65.53 3 .000
  Internalizing 25.36 3 .000
  Externalizing 34.54 3 .000
Longitudinal
  Emotional negativity 12.27 3 .007
  Emotion regulation 4.74 3 .192
  Internalizing 31.44 3 .000
  Externalizing 18.29 3 .001
Stability
  Emotional negativity 6.86 3 .077
  Emotion regulation .571 3 .903
  Internalizing 74.76 3 .000
  Externalizing 27.18 3 .000

Note. Cross-sectional refers to the mean differences at wave three (8-month). Longitudinal refers to mean differences at wave four (12-month). Stability refers to differences in the association between waves three and four across groups.