Table 2.
Micro- and nanofibers for wound healing applications
| Components | Fabrication method | Conductivity | Electrical stimuli | Cell type | Animal model | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PANI/CSA/ PLCL | Electrospinning | 0.0138 S cm−1 | 20 mA, 200 mA | NIH-3T3 fibroblasts, mouse skeletal muscle cells | N/A | [151] |
| 3ABAPANI/PLA | Electrospinning | 2.4–8.1 mS cm−1 | N/A | COS-1 fibroblast cell | N/A | [152] |
| PPy/SF | Chemical polymerization, coating | N/A | N/A | Adult human mesenchymal stem cells, human fibroblasts | N/A | [153] |
| Graphene/CS/PVA | Electrospinning | N/A | N/A | N/A | I, IV | [154] |
| PPy/PET | Chemical polymerization | 63.4 ± 0.9 kΩ sq−1 | 5 V, width 10 s, period 1200 s | Human skin fibroblasts | N/A | [155] |
| PEDOT/PLLA | Chemical polymerization | 0.1 kΩ sq−1 | 50 mV mm−1, 6 h | Human dermal fibroblasts | N/A | [156] |
| PPy/PET | Chemical polymerization, coating | N/A | 100 mV mm−1, width 10 s, period 1200 s, or width 300 s, period 600 s | Human dermal fibroblasts | N/A | [157] |
| PEDOT/PHBV | Electrospinning, chemical polymerization | 1.45 ± 0.03 μS m−1 | N/A | Human skin fibroblast | N/A | [158] |
| PANI/MWCNT/PNIPMA | Template-assisted polymerization/electrospinning | N/A | N/A | L929 mouse fibroblast cell | N/A | [159] |
| PPy-I/PLLA/PGA | Plasma polymerization | N/A | N/A | Human embryonic kidney cells, human primary dermal fibroblasts keratinocyte, and tenocytes | N/A | [160] |
| PPy/PET | Chemical polymerization | N/A | 50 and 100 mV mm−1, width 300 s, period 600 s, or width 10 s, period 1200 s | Primary human dermal fibroblast | N/A | [42] |
| PPy or PANI/SF | Chemical polymerization, coating | 2.2 × 10–5–1.6 × 10–4 S cm−1 | N/A | Human keratinocyte cells | N/A | [161] |
| GO/PVA | Electrospinning | N/A | N/A | L929 mouse fibroblast cell | I | [162] |
| PANI/CSA/Chitin | Electrospinning | 4.2 × 10–4 S cm−1 | N/A | Human dermal fibroblasts | N/A | [163] |
| Mxene/CS | Electrospinning/glutaraldehyde crosslinking | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | [142] |
| GO/Ag NPs/PCL/Arginine | Electrospinning | N/A | N/A | L929 mouse fibroblast cell | I | [136] |
| PPy/Iodine/PVP | Electrospinning/coating via a plasma process | N/A | N/A | Human keratinocyte cells | N/A | [164] |
| PANI/PCL/QCS | Electrospinning | N/A | N/A | L929 mouse fibroblast cell | I | [165] |
| PPy/PEO/CS/Col | Electrospinning | 59.564 × 10–3–164.274 × 10–3 S m−1 | N/A | Human fibroblast cell | N/A | [166] |
| BP/PEG/PCL/Gel/doxorubicin | Electrospinning | N/A | N/A | Mouse embryonic fibroblast cells, normal skin cells | III | [140] |
| rGO/PAA | Electrospinning | N/A | N/A | N/A | V | [167] |
IV: Full-thickness wound on rabbit. V: S. aureus-infected full-thickness wound