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. 2021 Dec 2;4:1330. doi: 10.1038/s42003-021-02853-0

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Protein sequence alignment. Homologous protein sequences were searched for with BLAST and extracted from other gamma-herpesviral homologs. The consensus protein sequence is depicted at the bottom of table. b Peptide design. Deletion peptides were designed based on the consensus sequence in a. The TAT protein sequence was used as a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) and placed downstream from the K-Rta protein sequence. (d-R) d amino acid arginine, (ORN) ornithine, (bAla) beta alanine. c Sub cellular peptide localization. Cy5-labeled peptide 1 was used to track subcellular localization. Nuclei were visualized by DAPI staining. The scale is indicated in the panel. d MTT assays with deletion and mutant peptides. Peptide listed in b were incubated with BC-1 cells and MTT conversion was measured 48 h after incubation. The OD of mock-treated samples were set as 100%, and OD from detergent-treated cells were set as 0%. The amount of each peptide used for incubation is depicted along the x-axis. Mean percentage viability ±SD were calculated for each treatment group (n = 3 samples). Peptide 1 was renamed as VGN50. e Flow cytometry analyses of cell proliferation and apoptosis induction. Cells were incubated with VGN50 or mutant peptide (three alanine substitutions) for 24 h followed by measurements of percentage cell proliferation (Ki67 staining) and apoptosis induction (Annexin V staining). Standard deviation bars are included. (n = 3) Two-way Anova, followed by Sidak’s multiple comparisons test. f The effect of VGN50 on various cancer cell types. MTT assays were performed with the indicated cell lines treated with various VGN50 concentrations. The OD of mock-treated samples were set as 100%, and OD from detergent-treated cells were set as 0%. Mean percentage viability ±SD was calculated for each treatment (n = 3 samples/treatment). g Viability assay with flow cytometry. Cell viability was measured in triplicate with live/dead staining and the cell killing effects on cancer cells was compared with normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from three healthy donors. Results are presented as mean percentage viability ±SD (n = 3 samples/group). f, g Ordinary one-way Anova, followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test.