Fig. 2. Transgenic overexpression of MDM2 WT but not the MDM2 mutants is sufficient to induce vascular calcification in vivo.

a Structures of the transgenes used to generate the three transgenic mouse lines. b TgMDM2 WT mice expressing wild-type MDM2 in vascular smooth muscle cells showed an increase in calcium deposition similar to that in mice administered vitamin D₃ (n = 4). c Alizarin red S staining of whole aortas obtained from TgMDM2 WT, TgMDM2 Y489A, and TgMDM2 ΔR mice. d Calcium deposition analysis (n = 4–5). e Western blot analysis was performed to measure the protein amounts of Runx2 and Hdac1.