Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants by pulse pressure quartile.
| Q1 (≤ 48) | Q2 (49–56) | Q3 (57–65) | Q4 (66 ≤) | Total | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 278 | N = 260 | N = 245 | N = 259 | |||
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 62.2 (9.0) | 64.1 (6.5) | 64.9 (5.8) | 67.0 (5.4) | 64.5 (7.1) | < 0.001 |
| Sex, men (%) | 160 (57.6) | 122 (46.9) | 123 (50.2) | 133 (51.4) | 538 (51.6) | 0.093 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg), mean ± SD | 117.5 (12.2) | 128.4 (10.4) | 135.9 (11.7) | 152.2 (15.8) | 133.2 (18.0) | < 0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg), mean ± SD | 75.7 (11.0) | 75.9 (10.1) | 75.3 (11.4) | 76.5 (11.8) | 75.9 (11.1) | 0.620 |
| BP-lowering medication (%) | 105 (37.8%) | 113 (43.6%) | 118 (48.4%) | 147 (56.8%) | 483 (46.4%) | < 0.001 |
| Fast blood sugar (mg/dL), mean ± SD | 96.5 (20.1) | 99.2 (24.4) | 103.1 (30.1) | 104.4 (26.8) | 100.6 (25.5) | 0.010 |
| HbA1c (%), mean ± SD | 5.6 (0.9) | 5.6 (0.8) | 5.8 (1.0) | 5.8 (1.0) | 5.7 (0.9) | 0.013 |
| Diabetes (%) | 30 (10.8%) | 37 (14.2%) | 53 (21.6%) | 67 (25.9%) | 187 (17.9%) | < 0.001 |
| TG (mg/dL), median (Q25, Q75) | 103.0 (74.0–147.0) | 112.5 (79.0–154.0) | 115.0 (79.0–161.0) | 114.0 (83.0–163.0) | 111.0 (78.0–155.0) | 0.057 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL), median (Q25, Q75) | 59.0 (47.0–74.0) | 57.0 (47.0–70.5) | 57.0 (48.0–70.0) | 56.0 (46.0–67.0) | 57.0 (47.0–70.0) | 0.180 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL), median (Q25, Q75) | 121.0 (103.0–141.0) | 122.0 (99.5–143.0) | 117.0 (100.0–146.0) | 117.0 (98.0–141.0) | 120.0 (100.0–142.0) | 0.630 |
| Dyslipidemia (%) | 142 (51.1%) | 161 (61.9%) | 136 (55.5%) | 156 (60.2%) | 595 (57.1%) | 0.049 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL), median (Q25, Q75) | 5.6 (4.6–6.8) | 5.6 (4.8–6.5) | 5.6 (4.7–6.7) | 5.6 (4.8–6.7) | 5.6 (4.7–6.7) | 0.810 |
| Hyperuricemia (%) | 55 (19.9%) | 43 (16.5%) | 56 (23.1%) | 54 (20.8%) | 208 (20.0%) | 0.310 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 24.1 (3.8) | 24.3 (3.4) | 24.3 (3.5) | 24.9 (3.8) | 24.4 (3.6) | 0.062 |
| Obesity (%) | 110 (39.6%) | 105 (40.4%) | 99 (40.4%) | 121 (46.7%) | 435 (41.7%) | 0.310 |
| Smoking, n (%) | ||||||
| Current smoker | 49 (17.6%) | 34 (13.1%) | 39 (16.0%) | 34 (13.1%) | 156 (15.0%) | 0.370 |
| Alcohol, n (%) | ||||||
| Never/chance drinker (%) | 198 (79.2%) | 189 (79.7%) | 162 (76.8%) | 171 (78.1%) | 720 (78.5%) | 0.880 |
| Habitual drinker (%) | 52 (20.8%) | 48 (20.3%) | 49 (23.2%) | 48 (21.9%) | 197 (21.5%) | |
| Hemoglobin, mean ± SD | 14.1 (1.6) | 14.0 (1.4) | 13.8 (1.4) | 13.6 (1.6) | 13.9 (1.5) | < 0.001 |
| eGFR, mean ± SD | 59.4 (15.8) | 57.0 (12.4) | 57.1 (13.3) | 56.2 (16.2) | 57.5 (14.6) | 0.065 |
| KDIGO classification | ||||||
| eGFR categories | ||||||
| G1 (eGFR ≥ 90) | 67 (24.1%) | 51 (19.6%) | 46 (18.8%) | 61 (23.6%) | 225 (21.6%) | 0.051 |
| G2 (eGFR 60–89) | 195 (70.1%) | 187 (71.9%) | 176 (71.8%) | 164 (63.3%) | 722 (69.3%) | |
| G3 (eGFR 30–59) | 13 (4.7%) | 20 (7.7%) | 19 (7.8%) | 22 (8.5%) | 74 (7.1%) | |
| G4 (eGFR 15–29) | 1 (0.4%) | 1 (0.4%) | 3 (1.2%) | 6 (2.3%) | 11 (1.1%) | |
| G5 (eGFR < 15) | 2 (0.7%) | 1 (0.4%) | 1 (0.4%) | 6 (2.3%) | 10 (1.0%) | |
| Proteinuria categories | ||||||
| A1 (proteinuria (−)/(±)) | 190 (68.3%) | 191 (73.5%) | 169 (69.0%) | 157 (60.6%) | 707 (67.9%) | 0.011 |
| A2 (proteinuria (+)) | 64 (23.0%) | 49 (18.8%) | 52 (21.2%) | 59 (22.8%) | 224 (21.5%) | |
| A3 (proteinuria (2+) ~) | 24 (8.6%) | 20 (7.7%) | 24 (9.8%) | 43 (16.6%) | 111 (10.7%) | |
eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, KDIGO Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcome, BMI body mass index, TG triglyceride, HDL-c high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, BP blood pressure, SD standard deviation.