Table 1.
Effects of drugs targeting macrophages.
| Macrophage activity | Molecular expression | Inflammatory response | Other effects | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PSRE and PACN (64) | CD80, CD86 ↓ | IL-8, PGE2, IL-6, IL-1, COX-2 ↓ | / | / |
| PAC (57, 65) | Pro-inflammatory responses ↓ | IL-1β, IL-18 ↓; IL-6, CXCL8, TNF-α, MMP-3, MMP-9, sTREM-1 (highbush blueberry PACs) ↓ | ↓ | Pathogen-selective antibacterial Gingival tissue protecting properties |
| Chemically-Modified Curcumin 2.24 (CMC2.24) (73, 74) | Phagocytic activity↓ | TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, MMP-9, MMP-2 ↓; ROS ↑ | / | Bone resorption↓ |
| PMX205 (69) | Macrophage phagocytosis function ↑ | NO, IL-23, TGF-β1, IL-10, Arg-1↑; Macrophage TNF-α, IL-6↓ | ↓ | C5a receptor antagonist |
| CsinCPI-2 (66) | M1 Polarization↓ (Regulation of endogenous M2 macrophages) | Cathepsin K, Cathepsin B, IL-1β, TNF-α↓ | ↓ | Caspase inhibitor |
| Perillyl alcohol (POH) (72) | Proliferation - | Macrophage ROS, arginase-1↓ | / | Antibacterial effect |
| Metformin (67) | Infiltration ↓ | IL-1β ↓ | ↓ | Reduce NLRP3 inflammatory response activity by inhibiting Nek7 expression |
| Glyburide (75) | Infiltration ↓ | Macrophage IL-1β ↓ | ↓ | Osteoclast number ↓ |
| Gliclazide (76) | Migration ↓ | Myeloperoxidase activity, malondialdehyde, IL-1β, TNF-α, COX-2, cathepsin k, MMP-2, RANK, RANKL, SOD-1, GPx-1, MIF, PI3k, NF-kaP50, PI3k, AKT, F4/80 ↓; OPG↑ | ↓ | Bone loss ↓ |
| 6-Shogaol (70) | Number ↓ | TNF-α, IL-1β ↓ | / | Active ingredients of ginger Neutrophil count↓ |
| Tea polyphenols (77) | / | / | ↓ | Protect gingival keratinocytes from TNF-α-induced tight junction barrier dysfunction |
| Dioscin (71) | / | IL-1β, NLRP3, Caspase-1 (macrophages- derived) ↓ | ↓ | Osteo-genesis↑ |
| Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) (78) | / | Macrophage pro-inflammatory cytokines ↓ | / | / |
| Catechin (79) | / | Pro-IL-1β, IL-1β ↓ | ↓ | / |
| An ethanol extract of paracasei NTU 101 (NTU101FM) (80) | / | Macrophage pro-inflammatory cytokines ↓ | / | Antibacterial activity Osteoclast differentiation ↓ |
| Hinokatil (81) | / | Macrophage inflammatory cytokine related gene mRNA levels ↓ | / | Local treatment Alveolar bone loss, osteoclast differentiation ↓ |
| CCL2 MPs (68) | M1 Polarization ↓ (Regulation of endogenous M2 macrophages) | / | ↓ | / |
| Triclosan (82) | / | In vitro protein citrullination and carbamylation of macrophages ↓; post-translational protein modification↓ | / | As an adjuvant treatment for inflammatory periodontal disease |