TABLE 4.
Perception questionnaires commonly utilized in the reviewed studies.
| Name | Author | Measurements | Item type |
|---|---|---|---|
| Godspeed Questionnaire Series (GQS) | Sturgeon et al. (2019) | anthropomorphism, animacy, likeability, perceived intelligence, and perceived safety | 5-item with 5-point Likert scales |
| Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) | Sinnema and Alimardani. (2019) | anxiety, attitude towards technology, perceived enjoyment, perceived sociability, perceived usefulness, social influence, and trust | 7-item with 5-point Likert scales |
| Negative Attitude Toward Robots Scale (NARS) | Mirnig et al. (2017) | attitude toward interaction with robots, social influence of robots, and emotions in interaction with robots (e.g. I would feel relaxed talking with robots) | 10-item with 5-point Likert scales |
| System Usability Scale (SUS) | Olde Keizer et al. (2019) | attitude towards usability (e.g. “I thought the system was easy to use,” “I felt very confident using the system”) | 10-item with 5-point Likert scales |
| Individual Differences in Anthropomorphism Questionnaire (IDAQ) | Zlotowski et al. (2014) | anthropomorphic (“durable,” “useful,” “good-looking,” “active” and “lethargic”) and nonanthropomorphic traits (intentions, emotions, consciousness, free will, mind) | 30-item with 10-point Likert scales |
| Complacency-Potential Rating Scale (CPRS) | Zlotowski et al. (2014) | attitudes towards automation (confidence-related, reliance-related, trust-related, and safety-related complacency | 20-item with 5-point Likert scales |
| Propensity to Trust Technology (PTT) | Jessup et al. (2019) | attitudes towards technology and collaboration with technology (e.g. “Generally, I trust technology”; “Technology helps me solve many problems”) | 6-item 5-point Likert scales |
| Robot Interactive Experiences Questionnaire | Mubin et al. (2014) | attitudes towards engagement and social interaction (e.g. alive, friendly, social) | 8-item with 7-point Likert scales |