Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of all patients with and without DKD
| Variable | Type 2 diabetes mellitus |
F/x2 value | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Without DKD | With DKD | |||
| Number | 2,436 | 1,665 | 771 | - | - |
| Age, yr | 55.7±11.4 | 54.7±11.3 | 57.8±11.4 | 6.298 | <0.001 |
| Female sex | 1,078 (44.3) | 705 (42.3) | 373 (48.4) | 7.784 | 0.005 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.44±3.63 | 25.18±3.56 | 26.01±3.71 | 5.299 | <0.001 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 135.2±17.2 | 133.0±16.3 | 139.9±18.3 | 9.351 | <0.001 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 79.4±10.5 | 79.1±10.1 | 80.3±11.0 | 2.691 | 0.007 |
| Diabetic duration, yr | 5.57±4.45 | 5.07±4.08 | 6.64±5.01 | 8.189 | <0.001 |
| Glucose-lowering therapies | |||||
| Diabetes drug-free | 257 (10.6) | 185 (11.1) | 72 (9.3) | 1.755 | 0.185 |
| Insulin treatments | 611 (25.1) | 388 (23.3) | 223 (28.9) | 8.858 | 0.003 |
| Insulin-secretagogues | 1,226 (50.3) | 842 (50.6) | 384 (49.8) | 0.123 | 0.725 |
| Metformin | 1,335 (54.8) | 943 (56.6) | 392 (50.8) | 7.141 | 0.008 |
| Pioglitazone | 733 (30.1) | 514 (30.9) | 219 (28.4) | 1.524 | 0.217 |
| AGIs | 584 (24.0) | 385 (23.1) | 199 (25.8) | 2.088 | 0.148 |
| DPP-4Is | 642 (26.4) | 423 (25.4) | 219 (28.4) | 2.442 | 0.118 |
| GLP-1RAs | 65 (2.7) | 42 (2.5) | 23 (3.0) | 0.431 | 0.512 |
| Hypertension | 1,089 (44.7) | 636 (38.2) | 453 (58.8) | 90.086 | <0.001 |
| Statin medication | 954 (39.2) | 618 (37.1) | 336 (43.6) | 9.238 | 0.002 |
| TG, mmol/L | 1.71 (1.11–2.77) | 1.61 (1.04–2.59) | 1.94 (1.29–3.18) | 5.197 | <0.001 |
| TC, mmol/L | 4.46±1.11 | 4.40±0.95 | 4.57±1.38 | 3.187 | <0.001 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.09±0.29 | 1.10±0.29 | 1.06±0.29 | –2.408 | 0.016 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.59±0.79 | 2.57±0.77 | 2.63±0.84 | 1.509 | 0.131 |
| Serum UA, μmol/L | 300.4±96.5 | 289.7±91.6 | 323.7±102.5 | 8.207 | <0.001 |
| Serum albumin, g/L | 39.2±4.1 | 39.4±3.9 | 38.7±4.4 | –3.779 | <0.001 |
| Haemoglobin, g/L | 137.5±16.1 | 138.4±15.4 | 135.7±17.0 | –4.272 | <0.001 |
| ISHOMAcp | 4.08 (2.30–8.05) | 4.22 (2.44–8.76) | 3.77 (2.04–7.10) | –4.057 | <0.001 |
| AUCcp, ng/mL · hr | 12.4±5.9 | 12.3±5.7 | 12.6±6.3 | 1.494 | 0.135 |
| AUCglu, mmol/L · hr | 41.8±9.2 | 41.4±9.3 | 42.5±8.9 | 2.624 | 0.009 |
| HbA1c, % | 8.73±1.34 | 8.68±1.37 | 8.82±1.28 | 2.189 | 0.029 |
| Postchallenge 2-hr glucose, mmol/L | 15.51±1.74 | 15.33±1.75 | 15.90±1.65 | 7.610 | <0.001 |
| Fasting glucagon, pg/mL | 126.5±30.2 | 124.3±28.6 | 131.4±32.7 | 5.446 | <0.001 |
| AUCgla, pg/mL · hr | 403.7±175.0 | 380.2±149.4 | 454.5±211.7 | 9.939 | <0.001 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 100.8±24.6 | 104.6±21.4 | 92.7±28.8 | –11.358 | <0.001 |
| UACR, mg/g | 20.1 (14.5–37.0) | 16.2 (13.0–20.9) | 60.6 (39.3–140.0) | 19.799 | <0.001 |
| Log10UACR, mg/g | 1.44±0.44 | 1.21±0.16 | 1.93±0.46 | 57.842 | <0.001 |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation, number (%), or median (interquartile range). Student’s t-test and chi-square test were applied to detect differences in their corresponding type of data, and corresponding test statistics (F and x2 values) were also provided.
DKD, diabetic kidney disease; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; AGI, α-glucosidase inhibitor; DPP-4I, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor; GLP-1RA, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; UA, uric acid; ISHOMAcp, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance using C-peptide; AUCcp, area under the C-peptide curve; AUCglu, area under the glucose curve; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; AUCgla, area under the glucagon curve; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; UACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio.