Fig. 2.

Cod-induced uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-dependent and -independent metabolic changes in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Cold exposure triggers triglyceride (TG) hydrolysis, fatty acid (FA) uptake, oxidation of FA via β-oxidation and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and UCP1 activation. These are intimately associated with anaerobic glycolysis, and uptake of succinate and glutamine. In UCP1-KO brown adipocytes, cold exposure triggers TG hydrolysis, FA uptake, and β-oxidation of FA, similarly in wild-type brown adipocytes. Resulting acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) is not oxidized by TCA cycle but used to re-synthesis of FA and TG. αKG, α-ketoglutaric acid.