Table 1.
Studies on macrophage polarization in sarcoidosis.
| Reference | Country | Population | Material | Method | Associated Markers | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wikén M, et al. (73) | Sweden | 36 sarcoidosis patients; 17 healthy subjects | Total BAL cells and sorted alveolar macrophages | Quantitative real-time PCR | M1: IL-12p35, IL-12p40, IL-23p19, CCL20, CXCL10/11/16, CD80, CD86, CCR7, iNOS | No evidence for alveolar macrophage polarization |
| M2: IL-10, CCR2, CCL18 | ||||||
| Prokop S, et al. (74) | Germany | 7 sarcoidosis patients with lungs and muscle affected; 7 patients with other myopathies containing macrophagocytic infiltration |
Muscle biopsies | Immunohistochemistry; Quantitative real-time PCR |
M1: iNOS, COX2 M2: CD206, CD301, SOCS-1, IL-27R, arginase-1 |
M2 polarized macrophages present in sarcoid granulomas and responsible for myofibrosis in muscle |
| Preusse C, et al. (75) | France | 10 patients with muscular sarcoidosis; 10 patients with macrophagic myofasciitis; 6 patients with subjective fatigability |
Skeletal muscle biopsies | Immunofluorescence; Quantitative real-time PCR |
M2: CD206, MRC1, STAT6, SOCS1 | M2 polarization inducing giant cell and typical granuloma formation and fibrogenesis |
| Honda Y, et al. (76) | Japan | 95 consecutive cardiac sarcoidosis patients; 50 patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy |
Endomyocardial biopsies | Immunohistochemistry | M2: CD163 | M2 macrophages less frequently observed in cardiac sarcoidosis |
| Wojtan P, et al. (77) | Poland | 36 patients with sarcoidosis; 10 HP patients; 8 NSIP patients; 6 IPF patients; 15 patients with other ILD |
BAL cells | Immunocytochemistry |
M1: CD40 M2: CD163 |
A higher proportion of M1 cells in sarcoidosis than in other ILD |
| Shamaei M, et al. (78) | Iran | 10 sarcoidosis patients; 12 tuberculosis patients |
Mediastinal lymph nodes and TBLB for sarcoidosis patients; pleural tissue, neck, axillary lymph nodes and TBLB for tuberculosis patients |
Immunohistochemistry |
M1: CD14, CD68 M2: CD163 |
A shift towards M2 macrophage subsets in granulomas from sarcoidosis patients |
| Locke LW, et al. (79) | USA | 20 active sarcoidosis patients (PBMC, lung tissue, mediastinal lymph nodes); 5 volunteers (PBMC) and 6 organ donors (lung tissue and mediastinal lymph nodes) |
PBMC incubated with PPD-coated polystyrene beads; lung and mediastinal lymph node tissues |
In vitro human sarcoidosis model; Immunofluorescence; ELISA |
M1: IFN-γ M2: IL-10, IL-13, CD163 |
Strong M2 polarization in sarcoidosis |
BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; HP, hypersensitivity pneumonitis; NSIP, nonspecific interstitial pneumonia; IPF, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; ILD, interstitial lung disease; TBLB, transbronchial lung biopsy; PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell; PPD, purified protein derivative; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.