Table 3.
Demographics, clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcome of COVID-19 patients stratified by Syndecan-1 level at ICU admission (cutoff: 813.8 ng/mL)
| Syndecan-1 | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| High level (N = 27) | Low level (N = 22) | ||
| Age, years | 64.0 (57.0–71.0) (27) | 65.5 (56.0–73.0) (22) | 0.984 |
| Gender | |||
| Male/female | 74.1% (20/27)/25.9% (7/27) | 54.5% (12/22)/45.5% (10/22) | 0.153 |
| Comorbidities/conditions | |||
| Smoking | 11.1% (3/27) | 9.1% (2/22) | 1.000 |
| Hypertension | 48.1% (13/27) | 50.0% (11/22) | 0.897 |
| Diabetes | 7.4% (2/27) | 27.3% (6/22) | 0.138 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 18.5% (5/27) | 31.8% (7/22) | 0.282 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 14.8% (4/27) | 13.6% (3/22) | 1.000 |
| Chronic lung disease | 3.7% (1/27) | 4.5% (1/22) | 1.000 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 3.7% (1/27) | 9.1% (2/22) | 0.855 |
| Chronic liver disease | 0.0% (0/27) | 4.5% (1/22) | 0.449 |
| Anemia | 0.0% (0/27) | 9.1% (2/22) | 0.196 |
| Malignancy | 3.7% (1/27) | 4.5% (1/22) | 1.000 |
| Autoimmune diseases | 0.0% (0/27) | 4.5% (1/22) | 0.449 |
| Symptoms and signs | |||
| Fever | 74.1% (20/27) | 100.0% (22/22) | 0.030 |
| Fatigue | 55.6% (15/27) | 54.5% (12/22) | 0.944 |
| Dyspnea | 66.7% (18/27) | 54.5% (12/22) | 0.386 |
| Cough | 74.1% (20/27) | 63.6% (14/22) | 0.430 |
| Sputum production | 55.6% (15/27) | 54.5% (12/22) | 0.944 |
| Pharyngeal pain | 18.5% (5/27) | 9.1% (2/22) | 0.598 |
| Abdominal pain | 29.6% (8/27) | 18.2% (4/22) | 0.354 |
| Diarrhea | 37.0% (10/27) | 22.7% (5/22) | 0.280 |
| Headache | 22.2% (6/27) | 18.2% (4/22) | 1.000 |
| Dizziness | 11.1% (3/27) | 4.5% (1/22) | 0.756 |
| Nausea | 37.0% (10/27) | 18.2% (4/22) | 0.146 |
| Vomiting | 33.3% (9/27) | 13.6% (3/22) | 0.111 |
| Anorexia | 29.6% (8/27) | 9.1% (2/22) | 0.156 |
| Myalgia | 22.2% (6/27) | 18.2% (4/22) | 1.000 |
| Disease severity status | |||
| Severe/Critically severe | 11.1% (3/27)/88.9% (24/27) | 36.4% (8/22)/63.6% (14/22) | 0.078 |
| Treatment | |||
| MV | 80.8% (21/26) | 50.0% (11/22) | 0.024 |
| Invasive MV | 100.0% (21/21) | 72.7% (8/11) | 0.061 |
| PEEP (cm H2O) | 12.0 (10.0–14.0) (21) | 13.0 (12.0–14.0) (8) | 0.134 |
| PaCO2 (mmHg) | 49.0 (44.0–57.3) (18) | 48.9 (42.0–64.5) (10) | 0.944 |
| Oxygenation index (mmHg) | 128.3 (87.1–254.5) (17) | 136.4 (62.3–303.5) (6) | 0.865 |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 2.1 (1.6–3.1) (10) | 2.5 (0.5–3.6) (6) | 0.875 |
| Disease outcome | |||
| ICU discharge | 11.1% (3/27) | 50.0% (11/22) | 0.003 |
| Time from diagnosis to ICU discharge (days) | 29.0 (NA) (3) | 24.0 (17.0–35.0) (11) | 0.582 |
| Death | 88.9% (24/27) | 50.0% (11/22) | 0.003 |
| Time from diagnosis to death (days) | 17.5 (12.0–24.0) (24) | 23.0 (16.0–28.0) (11) | 0.405 |
Bold values indicate statistical significance
Data are presented as median (Q1–Q3) (N) or % (n/N). COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019, ICU, intensive care unit; MV, mechanical ventilation; PEEP, positive end-expiratory pressure; PaCO2, partial pressure of carbon dioxide