Table 4.
Laboratory parameters of COVID-19 patients stratified by Syndecan-1 level at ICU admission (cutoff: 813.8 ng/mL)
| Syndecan-1 | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| High level (N = 27) | Low level (N = 22) | ||
| Tissue and endothelial damage | |||
| Thrombomodulin (ng/mL) | 5.1 (3.9–6.0) (27) | 3.8 (3.3–4.2) (22) | 0.002 |
| Inflammation | |||
| IL-1β (pg/mL) ↑ | 9.1% (1/11) | 25.0% (2/8) | 0.763 |
| IL-2R (U/mL) | 1284.0 (469.0–2029.0) (11) | 1052.0 (639.5–1262.0) (9) | 0.309 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 133.1 (52.6–343.1) (13) | 18.0 (8.7–97.9) (12) | 0.003 |
| IL-8 (pg/mL) | 79.3 (11.5–177.0) (11) | 24.0 (13.9–57.6) (8) | 0.238 |
| IL-10 (pg/mL) | 17.0 (2.5–33.7) (11) | 4.3 (2.5–13.3) (8) | 0.075 |
| TNFα (pg/mL) | 16.9 (5.0–33.8) (10) | 7.5 (6.3–9.5) (7) | 0.042 |
| Hematologic | |||
| White blood cell count (× 109/L) | 10.3 (6.6–19.0) (27) | 11.4 (7.8–16.1) (19) | 0.973 |
| Neutrophil count (× 109/L) | 9.8 (5.9–18.5) (26) | 8.7 (6.2–15.0) (19) | 0.573 |
| Lymphocyte count (× 109/L) | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) (27) | 0.6 (0.4–1.0) (20) | 0.079 |
| Red blood cell count (× 1012/L) ↓ | 61.5% (16/26) | 40.0% (8/20) | 0.147 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) ↓ | 81.5% (22/27) | 75.0% (15/20) | 0.860 |
| Hematocrit (%) ↓ | 61.5% (16/26) | 35.0% (7/20) | 0.074 |
| Platelet count (× 109/L) | 73.0 (40.0–141.0) (27) | 171.0 (111.0–247.0) (19) | 0.002 |
| Biochemical | |||
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 10.5 (7.6–13.8) (26) | 9.3 (7.1–12.5) (19) | 0.662 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.7 (2.3–3.4) (26) | 3.3 (2.8–3.8) (20) | 0.031 |
| HsCRP (mg/L) | 113.9 (66.5–193.0) (20) | 51.7 (17.9–94.2) (15) | 0.043 |
| High-sensitive cardiac troponin I (pg/mL) ↑ | 69.2% (18/26) | 68.4% (13/19) | 0.954 |
| Myoglobin (ng/mL) ↑ | 69.2% (18/26) | 21.1% (4/19) | 0.001 |
| AST (U/L) ↑ | 50.0% (13/26) | 26.3% (5/19) | 0.109 |
| LDH (U/L) ↑ | 96.3% (26/27) | 90.0% (18/20) | 0.787 |
| CK (U/L) ↑ | 50.0% (7/14) | 14.3% (1/7) | 0.266 |
| CK-MB (ng/mL) ↑ | 50.0% (13/26) | 0.0% (0/19) | < 0.001 |
| NT-proBNP (pg/mL) ↑ | 88.0% (22/25) | 78.9% (15/19) | 0.691 |
| Ferritin (μg/L) ↑ | 100.0% (5/5) | 83.3% (5/6) | 1.000 |
| Coagulation | |||
| Prothrombin time (s) | 17.3 (15.8–21.3) (27) | 15.1 (13.9–15.9) (18) | < 0.001 |
| Prothrombin activity (%) | 58.0 (41.8–70.0) (26) | 76.0 (69.5–91.3) (18) | < 0.001 |
| INR | 1.4 (1.3–1.8) (26) | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) (18) | < 0.001 |
| Fibrinogen (g/L) | 3.6 (2.8–5.1) (27) | 4.5 (3.5–5.4) (18) | 0.397 |
| APTT (s) | 45.4 (39.3–57.4) (27) | 40.3 (33.9–44.0) (18) | 0.011 |
| Thrombin time (s) | 15.5 (14.7–17.7) (27) | 15.4 (14.7–16.0) (18) | 0.437 |
| D-dimer (μg/mL FEU) | 7.1 (2.5–21.0) (26) | 9.6 (1.3–18.5) (18) | 0.589 |
| Fibrinogen degradation products (μg/mL) | 44.7 (14.5–150.0) (12) | 55.1 (4.0–77.7) (7) | 0.592 |
| Antithrombin (%) | 77.0 (57.3–86.5) (14) | 82.0 (79.0–93.0) (9) | 0.058 |
| Other | |||
| Procalcitonin (ng/mL) | 1.8 (0.3–3.5) (10) | 0.1 (0.1–0.4) (12) | 0.006 |
| ESR (mm/h) ↑ | 75.0% (3/4) | 100.0% (5/5) | 0.444 |
| aPLs positive | 50.0% (2/4) | 50.0% (1/2) | 1.000 |
Bold values indicate statistical significance
Data are presented as median (Q1–Q3) (N) or % (n/N)
COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; ICU, intensive care unit; IL, interleukin; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; AST, aspartate transaminase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; CK, creatine kinase; CK-MB, creatine kinase-myoglobin band; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; INR, international normalized ratio; APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; aPLs, antiphospholipid antibodies