Figure 7.

Schematic representation of alternative technologies for the development of (lab and organ)-on-chip systems and tissue engineering constructs with incorporated vascular structures: (a) UV photolithography combined with soft lithography for 2.5D microvascular sheets or fluidic layers. (b) Biochemical patterning by stamping with AFM tips or with arranged micropillars. (c) Soluble mold inserts and casting with porogens towards final 3D porous and vascularized structures. (d) Lattice or porous tissue scaffolds with inner microvasculature controlled from design. (e) Bioprinting with gels laden with different cell types for design controlled vascular structures.