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. 2021 Oct 8;4:e4. doi: 10.1017/pen.2021.3

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© The Author(s) 2021

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is unaltered and is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained for commercial re-use or in order to create a derivative work.

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Figure 1. — Proposed research landscape connecting normal range personality traits, maladaptive personality/psychopathology dimensions in the Hierarchical Taxonomy or Psychopathology (HiTOP) model, and constructs included in Research Domain Criteria (RDoC), Addictions Neuroclinical Assessment (ANA), and the National Institute on Drug Addiction’s Phenotyping Battery (NIDA PhAB). Normal personality dimensions reflect the Big Five model. Negative emotionality, incentive salience, and executive function are included in both ANA and NIDA PhAB, whereas the sleep domain is specific to NIDA PhAB. The links between HiTOP and RDoC are the strongest with the most empirical support, to date (see Michelini et al., 2021, for a comprehensive review). Less prominent or supported links are not shown. Due to paucity of relevant studies, it was not possible to link the recently introduced RDoC sensorimotor domain to any HiTOP spectra, nor the HiTOP somatoform spectrum to any RDoC domains. Negative associations between HiTOP and RDoC are presented in red and positive associations in blue. Double arrows indicate that, within an RDoC domain, some constructs show positive links, whereas others show negative links to the HiTOP spectrum (see Michelini et al., 2021, for details). Associations between normal personality and HiTOP dimensions, as well as between RDoC and ANA or NIDA PhAB domains, are shown with black symbols for approximate equality (≈). The gray approximate equality symbol depicts the fact that not all components of openness are roughly equivalent to HiTOP thought disorder (those related to intellectual engagement are largely unrelated). The links between RDoC and NIDA PhAB domains of metacognition and interoceptive processes are unclear and are not shown here.