Table 3. In vitro metabolism of pesticides in birds.
| Pesticidea) | Sp.b) | Organc) | °C | Prod) | Sube) | Cofactorf) | MRg) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lindane | CH | L (c) | 37.5 | na | 3.8† | ± GSH | R2 | 109 |
| Aldrin | CH | L (S9) | 41 | na | na | NADPH | O3 | 110 |
| DDT | FP | L (ts) | 41.5 | 0.1* | 11 | ± GSH | R1/2 | 111 |
| Methoxychlor | JQ | L (ts) | 39 | na* | 5 | none | O1, C1 | 112 |
| PCPMs | CH | L (m) | 37 | 62 | 2.5 | GSH | C3 | 86 |
| Carbaryl | JQ | L,K (m,c,S9) | 37 | 4 | 1 | NADPH, GSH | O1, H2, C1/2/3 | 91 |
| Aldicarb | CH | L (m) | rt | 3 | 50 | NADPH | O4 | 66 |
| Phenmedipham | CH | B | 37 | na | 82 | none | H2 | 81 |
| Trichlorfon | CH | L (c) | 37.5 | na | 73 | none | C3 | 113 |
| Tetrachlorvinphos | CH | L (c) | 37.5 | na | 0.3† | GSH | R2/3, H5, C3 | 87 |
| Diazinon | TU | L (ts) | 37 | 0.4* | 66 | NADPH | O1/5, M3 | 64 |
| Parathion | CH | L,K (ts) | 37 | 10* | 0.5† | NADPH | R4 | 67 |
| Fenitrothion | CH | L (m,c) | 37 | na | 70 | NADPH, GSH | O1/5, H5, C3 | 85 |
| NMC | JQ | L (m,c) | 37 | 10 | 0.5 | UDPGA, PAPS | C1/2 | 102 |
| EPN | CH | L (m) | 37 | 0.5–5 | 0.5† | NADPH | O5, H5 | 114 |
| Chlortoluron | JQ | L,K (S9) | 37 | 4 | 1 | NADPH, GSH | O1 | 91 |
| Diflubenzuron | CH | L (m) | 37 | 3–5 | 21 | NADPH | O2, H2 | 115 |
| Cypermethrin | JQ | L,I (S9),B | 42 | na | 10 | NADPH,UDPGA | O1/2, H1, C1 | 82 |
| Deltamethrin | CH | L (m,c) | 37 | 0.2* | 6.5 | ± NADPH | O1/2, R3, H1 | 116 |
| Fenvalerate | JQ | L (h) | 42 | 1‡ | 1.8 | none | O1/2, H1, M3 | 117 |
| PBacid | CH | L,K,I (m) | 42 | 0.1* | 0.3† | NADPH | O2, H3 | 118,119 |
| Fenproximate | JQ | L (S9) | 25 | na | 0.1† | NADPH | O1/2, M1 | 120 |
| Kresoxim-methyl | CH | L (h) | 37 | 2–5‡ | 0.1† | none | O1/2, H1/3 | 121 |
| Atrazine | CH | L (c) | 37.5 | na | 0.8† | GSH | O1, H6 | 122 |
| Terbutryn | CH | L (m, S9) | 37 | 1–5 | 0.1 | ± NADPH, GSH | O1, H6** | 123 |
| Warfarine | CH | L (m,c) | 41 | 1 | 0.4† | NADPH | O2, R3 | 68 |
a) PCPMs, pentachlorophenyl methyl sulfoxide and sulfone; NMC, 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol (metabolite of fenitrothion); PBacid, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (metabolite of several pyrethroids). b) Tested species. CH, chicken; FP, feral pigeon; JQ, Japanese quail; TU, turkey. c) L, liver; K, kidney; I, intestine; B, blood plasma. The words in the parentheses mean the microsomal (m), cytosolic (c), post-mitochondrial (S9) fractions, hepatocytes (h), and tissue slices or homogenates (ts), respectively. d) Protein concentration of each fraction in mg/ml; *, in g tissue/ml; ‡, in 106 cells/ml. e) Pesticide concentration in μM. †, in mM. f) NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; UDPGA, uridine 5′-diphosphoglucuronic acid; GSH, reduced glutathione; PAPS, phosphoadenosyl phosphosulfate. g) Metabolic reactions (see Table 2); **, hydrolytic dethiomethylation. na, not available. r.t., room temperature.