Table 4. In vivo metabolism of pesticides in birds.
| Pesticidea) | Period (day)b) | Metabolic profiles | Pesticide | Period (day) | Metabolic profiles | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % dosec) | Reactionsd) | Ref. | % dose | Reactions | Ref. | ||||
| Lindane | 4–6 | 44–63, 3–9, 2–4 | R1 | 140 | Carbaryl | 7 (2) | 98, 0.1, <0.1 | O2, H2, C1/2/3 | 99, 140 |
| DDT*† | 1/2–3 | 65–66/5–16, —, — | R1/2 | 142, 143 | Chlorpropham | 7 | 83, <0.1, — | O1/2, H2, C1/2/5 | 140 |
| Methoxychlor | 14 | 77–92, —, — | O1, R1, C1 | 144 | Indoxacarb | 5 | 87–88, 0.3–0.4, <1 | O1, H2/3/4, M2 | 140 |
| Phorate | 5 | 62–66, 0.7–1.5, <1 | O4, H5, C7 | 140 | Diflubenzuron | 1 | 91, 0.8, — | O2, H2 | 140 |
| Tetrachlorvinphos | 7 | 74–77, <1, — | R1/3, H5, C3 | 141 | Methoxyfenozide | 7 | 84–93, <0.1, <0.1 | O1/2, C1 | 140 |
| Fenitrothion** | 7/1 | 93–102, <0.2, — | O1/5, H5, C1/2/3 | 85 | Fenamidone | 14 | >88, —, — | O2, H2/4, C1 | 140 |
| EPN | 21 | 94–100, —, — | O2/5, R4, H5 | 145 | Pinoxaden | 4 | 75, <0.1, <0.1 | O1, H1/3 | 140 |
| MCPA | 7 | 99, 0.1, <0.1 | C4 | 140 | Cycloxidim | 10 | 78, 0.3, 0.1 | O4, H3, M1 | 140 |
| Cypermethrin*** | 1 | 75–87, —, <2 | O1/2, H1, C1/4 | 125 | Clothianidin | 3 | 95, 0.2, — | O1, H2/4, C5/7, M2 | 140 |
| Fluvalinate | 1–3 | 92–94, <0.4, — | O1, H1/3, C1/4 | 146–148 | Kresoxim-methyl | 6 | 72–83, <0.2, <0.1 | O1/2/4, H1/3, C2 | 140 |
| Bifenthrin | 10 | >90, <0.4, <0.8 | O1, H1, C7, M2 | 140 | Tolyfluanid | 1–3 | 84, <0.1, <0.1 | O1, H4, C4 | 140 |
| Fluazifop-p-butyl | 11 | 90–98, —, — | H1/3 | 140 | Chlorfenapyr | 7 | 78–94, —, — | O1/2, R1, H6 | 140 |
| Isofetamid | 14 | 103–116, <0.2, <0.1 | O1/2, H2 | 140 | Thiacloprid | 3 | 75, <0.1, <0.7 | O1/4, H2/4, C4/6, M3 | 140 |
| Fluopicolide | 14 | 82–95, 0.1, <0.2 | O1/2, C2/3 | 140 | Atrazine‡ | 7 | —, —, — | O1, H6 | 149, 150 |
| Benzovindiflupyr | 14 | 88–92, 0.1, <0.1 | O1/2, H4, C1/2 | 140 | Propiconazole | 8–16 | 94–103, <0.6, <0.2 | O1, R3, H4/6, M3 | 140 |
| Flubendiamide | 14 | 62–66, 5–8, — | O1, C1, M2 | 140 | Tiadimefon | 3 | —, —, — | O1, C1/2 | 140 |
| Acetochlor | 7 | 68–82, <0.5, <0.3 | O1, H3, C3/5 | 140 | Cyproconazole | 3–4 | 94–97, 1–2, <1 | O1/2, R3, H4, C2 | 140 |
| Chlorantraniliprole | 14 | 98, 3, — | O1, H2, M2 | 140 | Fludioxonil | 8 | 88–112, —, — | O1/2/4, H4, C1/2 | 140 |
| Aldicarb | 14 (2) | 85, 5, — | O4, H2/3, M3 | 140 | MAB1a | 7 | 64–69, <0.1, — | O1, C7 | 151 |
a) Tested species, laying hens. *, Japanese quail and feral pigeon; **, laying hens and Japanese quail; ***, Japanese quail. b) Oral administration once a day. ‘(2)’ means a twice administration a day. †, intraperitoneal administration. ‡, feeding. c) Distribution (14C) in excreta, eggs, and muscles; —, not available. d) Metabolic reactions listed in Table 2.