Fig. 3.

Music preferences during bedtime routine in Study 1 in relation to (a) sleep-related earworms and (b) global sleep quality. Participants were separated into two groups: 75 who reported preferring instrumental music near bedtime (e.g., classical, ambient, lo-fi) and 117 comparison participants who preferred either lyrical music or no music near bedtime. In (b), the dashed line indicates the cutoff for poor sleep quality as defined by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Analyses were adjusted for gender. Error bars represent the upper bounds of 95% confidence intervals. Asterisks indicate significant differences between groups (p < .05).