Table 2.

Microbiological findings and the cause of hip septic arthritis

First author, year, Nation	Pathogens	Cause of infection
Anagnostakos et al. 2016 [11] (Germany)	MSSA (72.7%) Negative culture (27.3%)	N.A.
Bauer et al. 2010 [12] (France)	MSSA (40.9%) Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (27.3%) Streptococcus species (13.6%) Gram - bacteria (not specified) (9.1%) Polymicrobial (9.1%)	Post-operative (54.5%) Hematogenous (45.5%)
Chen et al. 2008 [13] (China)	MRSA (28.6%) MSSA (21.4%) Salmonella species (10.7%) Escherichia coli (10.7%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.6%) viridans Streptococcus (3.6%) Prevotella melaninogenica (3.6%) Enterococcus species (3.6%) Enterobacter cloacae (3.6%) Polymicrobial (10.7%)	N.A.
Cho et al. 2018 [14] (South Korea)	MSSA (40.0%) Other (20.0%) Negative culture (40.0%)	N.A.
Choe et al. 2015 [15] (Japan)	MRSA (37%) MSSA (7.4%) Streptococcus agalactiae (3.7%) Escherichia coli (3.7%) Staphylococcus epidermidis (3.7%) Bacillus (not specified) (3.7%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.7%) Enterococcus faecalis (3.7%) Negative culture (29.6%)	N.A.
El Ganzoury et al. 2015 [16] (Egypt)	MSSA (48%); Staphylococcus epidermidis (30%)	N.A.
Ferrand et al. 2016 [17] (France)	N.A.	N.A.
Fleck et al. 2011 [18] (USA)	MSSA (35.7%) MRSA (21.4%) Other (not specified) (21.4%) Negative culture (21.4%)	Hematogenous (64.3%) After local injection (14.3%) Post-traumatic (21.4%)
Flores-Robles et al. 2019 [3] (Spain)	MSSA (39.7%) MRSA (6.4%) Staphylococcus capitis (4.8%) Staphylococcus epidermidis (1.6%) Streptococcus mitis (3.2%) Streptococcus milleri (1.6%) Streptococcus oralis (1.6%) Streptococcus agalactiae (4.8%) Streptococcus pneumoniae (1.6%) Enterococcus faecalis (1.6%) Escherichia coli (3.2%) Fusobacterium nucleatum (1.6%) Nocardia cyriacigeorgica (1.6%) Eikenella corrodens (3.2%) Negative culture (23.8%)	Hematogenous (65.3%) Infiltration (12%) Catheter (6%)
Fukushima et al. 2021 [19] (Japan)	Staphylococcus species (not specified) (20%) Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B) (20%) Haemophilus influenzae (20%) MSSA (20%) Negative culture (20%)	N.A.
Gao et al. 2010 [20] (China)	N.A.	N.A.
Huang et al. 2010 [26] (Taiwan)	MSSA (28.6%) MRSA (28.6%) Other (not specified) (21.4%) Negative culture (21.4%)	N.A.
Hunter et al. 2015 [5] (USA)	MSSA (45%) Negative culture (36%)	N.A.
Kaminski et al. 2007 [21] (Germany)	MSSA (60%) Staphylococcus haemolyticus (20%) Staphylococcus intermedius (20%)	Intra venous drug abuser (40%)
Kao et al. 2019 [1] (Taiwan)	Staphylococcus (3.9%) MRSA (2.0%) Streptococcus species (2.0%) Escherichia coli (3.9%) Salmonella species (3.9%) Corynebacterium (2.0%) Polymicrobial (3.9%) Negative culture (78.4%)	N.A.
Khazi et al. 2020 [22] (USA)	N.A.	N.A.
Kim et al. 2003 [23] (South Korea)	N.A.	N.A.
Kim et al. 2009 [4] (South Korea)	MSSA (85%) Streptococcus pneumoniae (5%) Hemophilus influenzae (5%) Salmonella species (2%) Neisseria meningitidis (2%) Escherichia coli (2%)	N.A.
Kim et al. 2018 [24] (South Korea)	MSSA (42.9%) Streptococcus Agalactiae (14.2%) Negative culture (42.9%)	N.A.
Kunze et al. 2020 [25] (USA)	MSSA (14.3%) MRSA (9.4%) Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus aureus (23.8%) Serratia marcescens (4.8%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2.4%) Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) (2.4%) Group G Streptococcus (2.4%) Streptococcus viridans (4.8%) Culture results undocumented in existing charts (11.9%) Negative culture from culturing tissue collected at stage 1 (26.2%)	N.A.
Lee et al. 2014 [27] (South Korea)	MSSA (44.4%) Negative culture (55.6%)	N.A.
Li et al. 2016 [28] (China)	Mycobacterium tuberculosis (100%)	Haematogenous (100%)
Lustig et al. 2007 [29] (France)	Mycobacterium tubercolosis (47.1%) Staphylococcus aureus (52.9%)	N.A.
Nusem et al. 2006 [30] (Australia)	MSSA (66.6%) Other (not specified) (16.7%) Negative culture (16.7%)	N.A.
Ohtsuru et al. 2016 [31] (Japan)	MRSA (33.3%) MSSA (20.0%) MRSE (13.3%) Streptococcus agalactiae (6.7%) Enterococcus faecalis (6.7%) Bacteroides fragilis (6.7%) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (6.7%) Negative culture (6.7%)	Incidence of infection at another location: 57.1% (group A); 40% (group B). Compromising factors (pyogenic cervical osteomyelitis or septic arthritis of the knee, removal of a foreign body from the buttocks, haemodialysis, diabetes, drainage of pus from recalcitrant pressure sores on the buttocks): 57.1% (group A); 100 (group B)
Papanna et al. 2017 [32] (Japan)	MSSA (33.3%) MRSA (2.78%) Other (not specified) (2.78%) Negative culture (61.1%)	N.A.
Park et al. 2005 [33] (South Korea)	Mycobacterium tuberculosis (34.7%) Pyogenic (not specified) (65.3%)	N.A.
Romanò et al. 2012 [41] (Italy)	MSSA (50%) MRSA (20%) Negative culture (20%) Others (not specified) (25%)	Haematogenous (42.1%) Post-operative (Post-osteosynthesis) (57.9%) After a local injection (5.3%)
Russo et al. 2021 [35] (Italy)	MSSA (28%) MRSA (12%) Streptococcus species (4%) Pseudomonas species (8%) Mycobacterium species (8%) Escherichia coli (4%) Proteus species (4%) Polymicrobial (8%) Negative culture (24%)	Post-operative (16%) Post-infiltrative (8%) Primary (76%)
Schroder et al. 2016 [36] (Germany)	MSSA (28.2%) Other (not specified) (43.8%) Negative culture (28.2%)	N.A.
Shen et al. 2013 [37] (China)	N.A.	N.A.
Xu et al. 2019 [38] (China)	Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (27.3%) MSSA (3.6%) Resistant organism (not specified) (3.6%) Gram-negative organism (not specified) (10.9%) Polymicrobial (9.1%) Other organism (14.5%) Negative culture (30.9%)	Haematogenous (9.1%) Post-operative (69.1%) After a local injection (5.5%) Unknown (16.4%)
Yamamoto et al. 2001 [39] (Japan)	MSSA (50.0%) Other (not specified) (50.0%)	Steroidal drugs to treat a subarachnoid hemorrhage and thrombophlebitis of the leg (1 patient, 25%); Treatment for diabetes for 25 years (1 patient, 25%);
Yoo et al. 2009 [40] (South Korea)	N.A.	N.A.

N.A. not available; MRSA methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; MSSA methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus