Table 1.
Baseline study characteristics
| Characteristic | Total | DM | Non-DM | P value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 410,208) | (n = 136,736) | (n = 273,472) | ||
| Gender, n (%) | – | – | – | 1.00 |
| Male | 202,764 (49.43) | 67,588 (49.43) | 135,176 (49.43) | – |
| Female | 207,444 (50.57) | 69,148 (50.57) | 138,296 (50.57) | – |
| Age, y; mean (sd) | 63.38 (13.79) | 63.43 (12.48) | 63.35 (14.55) | 0.13 |
| Age group, y; n (%) | – | – | – | 1.00 |
| 18–44 | 36,840 (8.98) | 12,280 (8.98) | 24,560 (8.98) | – |
| 45–64 | 161,166 (39.29) | 53,722 (39.29) | 107,444 (39.29) | – |
| ≥ 65 | 212,202 (51.73) | 70,734 (51.73) | 141,468 (51.73) | – |
| Insured premium, NT$; n (%) | – | – | – | < 0.01† |
| < 18,000 | 405,604 (98.88) | 135,620 (99.18) | 269,984 (98.72) | – |
| 18,000–34,999 | 3,843 (0.94) | 991 (0.72) | 2,852 (1.04) | – |
| ≥ 35,000 | 761 (0.19) | 125 (0.09) | 636 (0.23) | – |
| CCI_R, mean (sd) | 0.91 (1.73) | 0.93 (2.04) | 0.90 (1.55) | < 0.01† |
| Season, n (%) | – | – | – | 1.00 |
| Spring (March–May) | 108,972 (26.57) | 36,324 (26.57) | 72,648 (26.57) | – |
| Summer (June–August) | 95,559 (23.30) | 31,853 (23.30) | 63,706 (23.30) | – |
| Autumn (September–November) | 85,833 (20.92) | 28,611 (20.92) | 57,222 (20.92) | – |
| Winter (December–February) | 119,844 (29.22) | 39,948 (29.22) | 79,896 (29.22) | – |
| Location, n (%) | – | – | – | < 0.01† |
| Northern Taiwan | 160,099 (39.03) | 51,698 (37.81) | 108,401 (39.64) | – |
| Middle Taiwan | 112,065 (27.32) | 36,684 (26.83) | 75,381 (27.56) | – |
| Southern Taiwan | 110,805 (27.01) | 39,701 (29.03) | 71,104 (26.00) | – |
| Eastern Taiwan | 25,275 (6.16) | 7,984 (5.84) | 17,291 (6.32) | – |
| Outlying islands | 1,964 (0.48) | 669 (0.49) | 1,295 (0.47) | – |
| Urbanization level, n (%) | – | – | – | 0.37 |
| 1 (the highest) | 138,062 (33.66) | 46,084 (33.70) | 91,978 (33.63) | – |
| 2 | 174,336 (42.50) | 58,222 (42.58) | 116,114 (42.46) | – |
| 3 | 29,970 (7.31) | 10,035 (7.34) | 19,935 (7.29) | – |
| 4 (the lowest) | 67,840 (16.54) | 22,395 (16.38) | 45,445 (16.62) | – |
| Level of care, n (%) | – | – | – | < 0.01† |
| Hospital center | 130,297 (31.76) | 41,422 (30.29) | 88,875 (32.50) | – |
| Regional hospital | 127,680 (31.13) | 43,893 (32.10) | 83,787 (30.64) | – |
| Local hospital | 152,231 (37.11) | 51,421 (37.61) | 100,810 (36.86) | – |
CCI_R = Charlson comorbidity index revised (CCI removed DM); DM = diabetes mellitus; NT$ = national Taiwanese dollars.
*
χ2/Fisher exact tests on category variables and t-test on continue variables.
†
P < 0.05