Figure 1.

Role of Vitamin D in COVID- 19. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and low levels of Vitamin D cause a downregulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2-dependent angiotensin (1–7) and enhancement of angiotensin-converting enzyme E-mediated angiotensin II levels. Lung injury is consequent to increased pulmonary vasoconstriction, inflammation, oxidative stress, and cytokine storm. These can well be attenuated by adequate levels of Vitamin D that restores a favorable angiotensin-converting enzyme/angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 ratio