Table 3.

Clinical effect of siwak on periodontal health: cross sectional study

References	Study groups (n = sample size)	Siwak application	Periodontal parameter	Finding
Eid et al. [26]	TB (n = 94) S (n = 68) S&TB (n = 74)	Exclusive Adjunctive	PI, GI, PPD, CAL, REC	Mean plaque score and gingivitis score was comparable with TB
Khawaja et. al. [33]	TB (n = 30) S (n = 30)	Exclusive	PI, GI
Batwa et al. [27]	TB (n = 29) S (n = 17)	Exclusive	PI	Mean plaque score was comparable with TB
Shetty et al. [28]	TB (n = 216) S (n = 144) S&TB (n = 168)	Exclusive	OHI-S, GI, PPD, REC	Mean plaque scores comparable with TB Significant lower gingivitis score and probing pocket depth Significant higher gingival recession
Al-Sinaidi [29]	TB (n = 74) S (n = 113)	Exclusive	PI, BOP, PPD, CAL	Significant lower mean plaque score and bleeding score Mean PPD and CAL were comparable with TB
Darout et al. [30]	TB (n = 104) S (n = 109)	Exclusive	CPI: BOP, PPD, Calculus	Lower no. sextant of gingival bleeding, probing pocket depth ≥ 4 mm Higher number of sextants with ≥ 4 mm CAL
Eid et. al [26, 31]	TB (n = 94) S (n = 68) S&TB (n = 74)	Adjunctive	PI, GI, PPD, CAL, REC	Significant higher mean PPD and CAL Higher percentage sites with REC
Ramadan et al. [32]	TB (n = 78) S (n = 36) S&TB (n = 36)	Adjunctive	PI, PPD, CAL	Lower mean plaque score, PPD and CAL, than TB

OHI-S, simplified oral hygiene index; PI, plaque index; GI, gingivitis index; BOP, bleeding on probing; PPD, probing pocket depth; CAL, clinical attachment loss; REC, gingival recession; S, siwak; TB, toothbrush