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Smokers have reduced BAL fluid (BALF) CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. (A) Total cells per milliliter of BALF. (B) CD4+ T-cell frequency and number per milliliter of BALF. (C) CD8+ T-cell frequency and number per milliliter of BALF. P values were determined by using nonparametric one-way ANOVA with the Dunn’s test for multiple comparisons. Scatter plots are labeled with the median and interquartile range. HIV = human immunodeficiency virus.
