Fig. 4. Effects of meal timing intervention on glucose tolerance after the breakfast test meal.

The meal timing intervention significantly modified the impact of simulated night work on the 3-hour postprandial glucose and early-phase insulin profiles after the breakfast test meal. Simulated night work in the NMC group adversely influenced the 3-hour postprandial glucose profile (A) and early-phase insulin (C) (gray bar) after the breakfast test meal. In contrast, no such effects occurred in the DMI group (B and D). See Materials and Methods for details on the fasting duration before each breakfast test meal. Data correspond to the mean ± SEM across participants per simulated day/night work condition and per meal timing group (n = 10 in the NMC group and n = 9 in the DMI group).