Fig. 6. Effects of meal timing intervention on the time course of glucose and insulin.

The meal timing intervention significantly modified the impact of simulated night work on the average values of glucose but not on insulin. Accordingly, simulated night work in the NMC group adversely influenced glucose profile, with overall higher concentrations (A), but not the overall insulin concentrations (C). In contrast, simulated night work in the DMI group did not adversely affect glucose (B) or insulin profiles (D). Data are shown on a 24-hour scale to highlight comparisons between baseline and simulated night work conditions matched by time of day (relative clock time, 7 a.m. as habitual wake time). Data correspond to the average (mean ± SEM) across participants per simulated day/night work condition and per meal timing group (n = 10 in the NMC group and n = 9 in the DMI group).