In situ cryoET of SARS-CoV-2 assembly process. (a),(b) Tomographic slice of cryoFIB lamella depicting SARS-CoV-2 assembly and density segmentation, showing DMV portals (yellow arrow), assembling viruses (blue arrow), assembled virus (black arrow), viral spikes on SMV membranes (red arrows), and transporting vesicles around the assembly site (pink arrow). Adapted from Ref. [107••] under CC BY 4.0. (c) Tomographic slices revealed that pore complexes were present in fixed SARS-CoV-2–induced DMVs (white arrowheads) Reprinted from Ref. [108•] under CC BY 4.0. (d) Spike-filled transport vesicles in close proximity to a SMV Reprinted from Ref. [107••] under CC BY 4.0. (e) CryoET tomogram and 3D volume rendering of the early virion budding stage. S and vRNPs accumulate at the lumenal membrane. 3D volume rendering is shown with cellular and viral membranes in green and magenta, respectively, with S (yellow) and vRNP (cyan) represented as subtomogram averages Reprinted from Ref. [72] under CC BY 4.0.