Table 1.
Chronic stress effects PV+ interneurons and behavior in a sex, age-, and region-dependent manner.
| Period | Stress paradigm | Effect on PV | Brain region | Behavioral phenotype | Sex | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prenatal | Maternal restraint and light stress | ↓ number of PV+ interneurons (P21) | mPFC, CA1, layer III of S1 | Not assessed | Only assessed males | Uchida et al., 2014 |
| Maternal restraint and light stress | ↓ PV+ interneuron density (P21) | mPFC | Not assessed | Only assessed males | Wang et al., 2018 | |
| Maternal restraint and light stress | ↓ PV+ interneuron density (P21) ↑ PV+ interneuron density (P150) |
mPFC, CA | ↑ anxiety-like behavior | Only assessed males | Lussier & Stevens, 2016 | |
| Maternal restraint stress | ↓ PV/cFos co-labeling | mPFC | ↓ social behavior | Changes in males only | Heslin & Coutellier, 2017 | |
| Maternal social stress | ↓ number of PV+ interneurons (P30) | Hippocampus, BLA | ↑ anxiety-like behavior (males only) | Sex- and region- dependent changes in PV | Scott et al., 2020 | |
| Maternal restraint stress | ↑ PV protein expression | Hippocampus | ↓ novel object recognition | Only assessed males | Shang et al., 2021 | |
| Neonatal | Maternal separation | ↓ PV protein expression ↓ PV+ interneuron density |
OFC | ↓ rule-reversal learning | Changes in females only | Goodwill et al., 2018 |
| Maternal separation | ↓ PV protein expression (P27 in females, P45 in males) | PFC | ↓ social behavior | Females affected in juvenility; males affected in adolescence | Holland et al., 2014 | |
| Maternal separation | ↑ PV+ interneuron density (males only) | BLA | ↓ fear recall | Changes in PV in males only | Nieves et al., 2020 | |
| Maternal separation | ↓ PV+ interneuron intensity ↑ PV/8-oxo-DG co-labeling |
mPFC, BLA, hippocampus | Not assessed | Male and female | Soares et al., 2020 | |
| Maternal separation | ↓ PV protein expression (males only) | mPFC | ↓ cognitive function | Male and female | Grassi-Oliviera et al., 2016 | |
| Limited bedding | ↑ PV/PNN colocalization ↓ activity of PV+ interneurons |
BLA | No behavioral changes | Changes in males only | Guadagno et al., 2020 | |
| Juvenility | Social isolation | ↓ PV+ interneurons ↓ PV/PNN co-labeling |
Hippocampus, temporal cortex | Not assessed | Only assessed males | Ueno et al., 2017 |
| Prepubertal stress | ↑ PV protein expression | Hippocampus | ↓ conditioned fear response | Changes in males only | Brydges et al., 2018 | |
| Social isolation | ↓ PV+ interneuron activation | mPFC | ↓ social behavior | Male and female | Bicks et al., 2020 | |
| Chronic stress | ↓ size of PV+ interneuron soma ↓ PNN intensity |
Hippocampus, dAC, PFC | ↓ social behavior ↓ depressive-like behavior |
Only assessed males | Ueno et al., 2018 | |
| Pubertal and adolescence | Unpredictable chronic mild stress | ↓ number of PV+ interneurons |
mPFC | ↑ anxiety-like behavior ↓ contextual information processing |
Number of PV cells correlates with anxiety-like behavior in females | Page & Coutellier, 2018 |
| Unpredictable chronic mild stress | ↑ dendritic complexity of PV+ interneurons | mPFC | ↑ locomotion | Changes in females only | Bueron-Fernandez et al., 2021 | |
| Social isolation | ↓ PV cell density ↓ PV/PNN formation |
Hippocampus, visual cortex, anterior cingulate cortex | Not assessed | Only assessed males | Ueuno et al., 2017 | |
| “Two-hit” | polyI:C and peripubertal stress | ↓ number of PV+ interneurons | Hippocampus | Not assessed | Only assessed males | Giovanoli et al., 2014 |
| polyI:C and peripubertal stress | ↓ number of PV+ interneurons (females only) | Hippocampus | ↑ locomotion ↓ working memory, social behavior, PPI |
Changes in PV in females only | Monte et al., 2019 | |
| Maternal separation and social isolation | ↓ PV protein expression | PFC, amygdala | ↑ depressive-like behavior | Only assessed females | Lukkes et al., 2018 | |
| Adulthood | Unpredictable chronic mild stress | ↑ PV protein expression ↑ number of PV+ interneurons |
mPFC | ↑ emotionality (females only) | Sex- and region- dependent changes in PV | Shepard et al., 2016 |
| Unpredictable chronic mild stress | ↑ number of PV+ interneurons (females only) | mPFC | ↑ anxiety-like behavior ↑ depressive-like behavior |
More severe behavioral phenotype in females | Shepard & Coutellier, 2017 | |
| Chronic restraint stress | ↑ PV gene expression (females only) | mPFC | ↓ extradimensional set shifting | Changes in PV in females only | Moench et al., 2020 | |
| Unpredictable chronic mild stress | ↑ PV/c-Fos colocalization | mPFC | ↑ anxiety-like behavior (females only) | Established causal relationship between increase in PV+ activity and anxiety-like behavior in females | Page et al., 2019 | |
| Chronic unpredictable stress | Not assessed (chemogenetic inhibition of PV interneurons) | mPFC | ↓ depressive-like behavior | Only assessed males | Fogaca et al., 2020 | |
| Chronic variable stress | Not assessed (chemogenetic inhibition of PV interneurons) | mPFC | ↑ active coping strategy | Only assessed males | Nawreen et al., 2020 | |
| Chronic mild stress | ↓ number of PV+ interneurons | mPFC | ↓ cognitive performance | Only assessed males | Czéh et al., 2018 | |
| Social isolation | ↓ PV+ interneuron density | Hippocampus | Not assessed | Only assessed females | Harte et al., 2007 | |
| Chronic restraint stress | ↓ number of PV+ interneurons | Hippocampus | Not assessed | Only assessed males | Hu et al., 2010 | |
| Social isolation | ↓ PV protein expression (effects seen after chronic isolation only) | Hippocampus | Not assessed | Only assessed males | Filipovic et al., 2013 |