Table 3.
Risk factors for Bell’s palsy based on univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analyses.
| Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis† | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bell's palsy (n = 2,708) | % | Control (n = 1,028,953) | % | HR | 95% CI | p-value | HR | 95% CI | p-value | |||
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Male | 1422 | 52.5 | 515,709 | 50.1 | 1.105 | 1.025 | 1.191 | 0.0096* | 1.169 | 1.081 | 1.263 | < 0.0001* |
| Female | 1286 | 47.5 | 513,244 | 49.9 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Age (years) | ||||||||||||
| ≤ 29 | 617 | 22.8 | 421,388 | 41 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| 30–39 | 467 | 17.3 | 181,785 | 17.7 | 1.759 | 1.560 | 1.984 | < 0.0001* | 1.730 | 1.530 | 1.955 | < 0.0001* |
| 40–49 | 568 | 21 | 175,350 | 17 | 2.231 | 1.991 | 2.500 | < 0.0001* | 2.153 | 1.915 | 2.420 | < 0.0001* |
| 50–59 | 472 | 17.4 | 115,309 | 11.2 | 2.853 | 2.531 | 3.217 | < 0.0001* | 2.554 | 2.248 | 2.901 | < 0.0001* |
| 60–69 | 368 | 13.6 | 77,278 | 7.5 | 3.447 | 3.029 | 3.922 | < 0.0001* | 2.801 | 2.422 | 3.238 | < 0.0001* |
| 70–79 | 178 | 6.6 | 43,229 | 4.2 | 3.33 | 2.818 | 3.935 | < 0.0001* | 2.663 | 2.204 | 3.217 | < 0.0001* |
| ≥ 80 | 38 | 1.4 | 14,614 | 1.4 | 2.886 | 2.079 | 4.006 | < 0.0001* | 2.278 | 1.576 | 3.293 | < 0.0001* |
| Residence | ||||||||||||
| Seoul (capital) | 508 | 18.8 | 213,921 | 20.8 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Metropolitan cities | 674 | 24.9 | 267,152 | 26 | 1.064 | 0.849 | 1.194 | 0.2884 | 1.068 | 0.948 | 1.201 | 0.2733 |
| Others | 1526 | 56.4 | 547,880 | 53.3 | 1.181 | 1.068 | 1.306 | 0.0011* | 1.182 | 1.067 | 1.309 | 0.0014* |
| Household income‡ | ||||||||||||
| 1st quintile (lowest) | 380 | 14.7 | 144,996 | 14.8 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| 2nd quintile | 426 | 16.5 | 160,304 | 16.3 | 1.009 | 0.879 | 1.158 | 0.9009 | 1.061 | 0.924 | 1.219 | 0.4021 |
| 3rd quintile | 472 | 18.3 | 178,183 | 18.2 | 1.004 | 0.877 | 1.149 | 0.9588 | 1.056 | 0.922 | 1.209 | 0.4286 |
| 4th quintile | 604 | 23.4 | 239,254 | 24.3 | 0.958 | 0.843 | 1.089 | 0.5137 | 0.990 | 0.871 | 1.126 | 0.8833 |
| 5th quintile highest) | 697 | 27 | 258,850 | 26.4 | 1.026 | 0.905 | 1.162 | 0.6891 | 1.009 | 0.890 | 1.144 | 0.8919 |
| Hypertension | ||||||||||||
| No | 2205 | 81.4 | 928,701 | 90.3 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Yes | 503 | 18.6 | 100,252 | 9.7 | 2.286 | 2.075 | 2.519 | < 0.0001* | 1.362 | 1.208 | 1.535 | < 0.0001* |
| Diabetes | ||||||||||||
| No | 2504 | 92.5 | 996,728 | 96.9 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Yes | 204 | 7.5 | 32,225 | 3.1 | 2.743 | 2.378 | 3.164 | < 0.0001* | 1.579 | 1.347 | 1.851 | < 0.0001* |
| Dyslipidemia | ||||||||||||
| No | 2502 | 92.4 | 981,281 | 95.4 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Yes | 206 | 7.6 | 47,672 | 4.6 | 1.875 | 1.570 | 2.239 | < 0.0001* | 1.017 | 0.842 | 1.229 | 0.8614 |
HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval.
*p value < 0.05.
†All factors were adjusted in the multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis. ‡The sum of patients in household income is less than the total due to missing values.