Table 2.
Odds Ratios (95% Confidence Intervals)* Describing the Association between Neighborhood Poverty and Heart Failure without Incident IHD with Varying Levels of Adjustment for Demographics and Known HF Risk Factors
| Model 1 Unadjusted |
Model 2 Adjusted for demographics |
Model 3 Further adjusted for risk factors |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Neighborhood poverty | |||
| Low | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Intermediate | 1.44 (1.09, 1.89) | 1.25 (0.96, 1.63) | 1.27 (0.97, 1.66) |
| High | 2.64 (2.01, 3.46) | 1.82 (1.35, 2.46) | 1.74 (1.28, 2.37) |
| Demographics | |||
| Age at baseline† | - | 1.09 (1.08, 1.10) | 1.08 (1.07, 1.09) |
| Female (vs. male) | - | 0.74 (0.60, 0.92) | 0.76 (0.61, 0.95) |
| Race/ethnicity (vs. NH‡ White) | |||
| NH‡ Black | - | 2.86 (2.14, 3.84) | 2.26 (1.67, 3.05) |
| Hispanic/Latinx | - | 2.24 (1.46, 3.42) | 1.85 (1.19, 2.86) |
| Other | - | 1.13 (0.77, 1.67) | 1.12 (0.75, 1.67) |
| HF risk factors | |||
| BMI (kg/m2)† | - | - | 1.04 (1.02 , 1.06) |
| Hypertension | - | - | 1.75 (1.33, 2.30) |
| Diabetes mellitus | - | - | 1.50 (1.20, 1.88) |
| Current smoking | - | - | 1.10 (0.78, 1.54) |
*Odds ratios were calculated using the mean value for continuous covariates (age = 51.3, BMI = 28.8)
†Odds ratios for continuous variables (age at baseline and BMI) represent the difference in odds of heart failure for a 1-unit increase in the metric
‡Non-Hispanic (NH)