Table 3.
Effect of the EIRA intervention or usual care on positive change and quantification of overall impact of intervention
| Outcomes | EIRA intervention, n/N (%) | Usual care, n/N (%) | NNC (95% CI) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | P value | Adjusted* OR (95% CI) | P value | Adjusted† OR (95% CI) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Positive change in two or three behaviours | 215/1481 (14.5) | 141/1581 (8.9) | 18 (12.7 to 30.1) | 1.75 (1.30 to 2.36) | < 0.001 | 1.82 (1.19 to 2.77) | 0.005 | 1.70 (1.09 to 2.63) | 0.018 |
| 2 | Positive change in any behaviour | 810/1481 (54.7) | 693/1581 (43.8) | 10 (7.0 to 13.6) | 1.55 (1.32 to 1.81) | < 0.001 | 1.60 (1.14 to 2.25) | 0.006 | 1.48 (1.05 to 2.10) | 0.027 |
| 3 | Positive change in smoking behaviour | 158/638 (24.8) | 126/697 (18.1) | 15 (9.0 to 43.8) | 1.40 (1.04 to 1.89) | 0.028 | 1.37 (0.93 to 2.01) | 0.111 | 1.30 (0.89 to 2.03) | 0.165 |
| 4 | Positive change in physical activity behaviour | 372/1345 (27.7) | 351/1448 (24.2) | 30 (15.0 to 609.9) | 1.17 (0.98 to 1.41) | 0.088 | 1.23 (0.79 to 1.92) | 0.362 | 1.07 (0.74 to 1.54) | 0.737 |
| 5 | Positive change in diet behaviour | 442/1384 (31.9) | 317/1482 (21.4) | 10 (7.3 to 13.7) | 1.75 (1.45 to 2.11) | < 0.001 | 1.83 (1.26 to 2.66) | 0.002 | 1.87 (1.30 to 2.68) | 0.001 |
NNC, Number needed for change; CI, Confidence interval; OR, Odds Ratio;
*Adjusted for cluster effect. Intracluster correlation coefficient was for outcome 1, 0.040 (95% CI 0.016 to 0.094); for outcome 2, 0.042 (95% CI 0.021 to 0.080); for outcome 3, 0.027 (95% CI 0.009 to 0.087); for outcome 4, 0.072 (95% CI 0.038 to 0.132), and for outcome 5, 0.047 (95% CI 0.024 to 0.093)
†Adjusted for cluster effect and variables at participant level and at cluster level: average age of health care professionals, average time (years) working in the same PHC centre, and PHC training centre (yes/no) and variables at participant level: baseline stage of change, age, and sex, co-occurrence of unhealthy behaviours, education level, employment situation of participant
Overall impact factor [51]
| Target behaviour | Proportion at riska | Efficacy EIRA intervention or usual careb | Individual impact factorc | Impact factor on participantsd | Impact factor on the populatione |
| EIRA intervention | |||||
| Smoking | 0.431 | 0.248 | 0.11 | 0.66 | 0.43 |
| Insufficient physical activity | 0.908 | 0.277 | 0.25 | ||
| Non-adherence to Mediterranean dietary pattern | 0.935 | 0.319 | 0.30 | ||
| Usual care | |||||
| Smoking | 0.441 | 0.181 | 0.08 | 0.50 | 0.37 |
| Insufficient physical activity | 0.916 | 0.242 | 0.22 | ||
| Non-adherence to Mediterranean dietary pattern | 0.937 | 0.214 | 0.20 | ||
aProportion of the target behaviour in the study sample at baseline
bProportion of participants who reached a positive change for each behaviour
cProportion at risk (a) multiplied by the efficacy of the EIRA intervention or usual care (b)
dSum of individual impact factors
eImpact factor on participants (d) multiplied by recruitment rate (0.655 in intervention centres and 0.744 in control centres)