Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies
| Author | Study design | Participants: healthcare providers | Participants: patients | Setting | Practice guidelines |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ammerman, 2003 (USA) | RCT | Nurses | Food for Heart program patient | Hospital—Outpatient | Dietary counseling for hypercholesterolemia |
| Charrier, 2008 (Italy) | cRCT | Nurses | Adult inpatient | Hospital—Inpatient | Prevention of pressure lesions and the management of peripheral and central venous catheters |
| Cheater, 2006 (UK) | cRCT | Nurses | Adult outpatient | Hospital—Outpatient | Management of urinary incontinence |
| Daniels, 2005 (USA) | RCT | Nurses, Physicians | Adult outpatient | Hospital—Outpatient | Asthma care management |
| Day, 2001 (UK) | RCT | Nurses | Adult intensive care inpatient | Inpatient—Hospital | Endotracheal suctioning |
| Donati, 2020 (Italy) | cRCT | Nurses | Medical-surgical | Inpatient—Hospital | Standard precautions |
| Elliott, 1997 (USA) | cRCT | Nurses | Oncology patient | Community Primary Care Clinic | Cancer pain management |
| Evans, 1997(USA) | cRCT | Nurses, Physicians | Pediatric inpatient | Hospital—Outpatient | Asthma care management |
| Fairall, 2005, 2010 (South Africa) | cRCT | NP | Adult outpatient | Community Primary Care Clinic | Tuberculosis case detection and respiratory care |
| Feldman, 2004 (USA) | RCT | Nurses | Chronic heart failure patient | Hospital—Outpatient | Heart failure management |
| Friese 2019 (USA) | cRCT | Nurses | Oncology patients | Hospital—Inpatient | Hazardous Drug Handling |
| Haegdorens, 2018 & 2019 (Belgium) | cRCT | Nurses | Medical-surgical | Hospital—inpatient | Early warning score |
| Harrison, 2000 (South Africa) | RCT | Nurses | Community clinic patient | Community | Sexually transmitted infection management |
| Hödl, 2019 (Austria) | cRCT | Nurses | Nursing home resident | Nursing Home | Urinary incontinence management |
| Hodnett, 1996 (Canada) | cRCT | Nurses | Labor and delivery patients | Hospital—Inpatient | Intrapartum nursing practice |
| Jansson, 2014(Finland) | RCT | Nurses | Adult intensive care inpatient | Hospital—Inpatient | Prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia |
| Jansson, 2016a, 2016b (Finland) | RCT | Nurses | Adult intensive care inpatient | Hospital—Inpatient | Prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia |
| Kalinowski, 2015 (Germany) | RCT | Nurses | Nursing home resident | Nursing Home | Nonpharmacological pain management |
| Kaner, 2003 (UK) | cRCT | Nurses | Adult outpatient | Community Primary Care Clinic | Brief alcohol intervention |
| Köpke, 2012 (Germany) | cRCT | Nurses | Nursing home resident | Nursing Home | Use of physical restraint |
| Lozano, 2004 (USA) | RCT | Nurses, Physicians | Pediatric, asthmatic patient | Hospital—Outpatient | Pediatric chronic asthma care |
| Mayou, 2002 (UK) | RCT | Nurses | Adult heart failure inpatient | Hospital—Inpatient | Early rehabilitation after myocardial infarction |
| McDonald, 2005 (USA) | RCT | Nurses | Adult outpatient | Hospital—Outpatient | Pain management |
| Moon, 2015 (South Korea) | RCT | Nurses | Adult intensive care inpatient | Hospital—Inpatient | Delirium prevention |
| Murtaugh, 2005 (USA) | RCT | Nurses | Adult cardiology outpatient | Hospital—Outpatient | Heart failure disease management |
| Naylor, 2004 (USA) | RCT | Nurses | Adult cardiology inpatient | Hospital—Inpatient | Transitional care of older adults hospitalized with heart failure |
| Noome, 2017 (Netherlands) | RCT | Nurses | Adult inpatient | Hospital—Inpatient | Nursing end-of-life care |
| Pagaiya, 2005 (Thailand) | RCT | Nurses | Adult and pediatric outpatient | Community Primary Care Clinic |
Children: Acute respiratory infection and diarrhea Adults: Diazepam prescribing and standard management of diabetes |
| Parker, 1995(USA) | RCT | Nurses, NP | Adult, long term care patient | Long-term care facility | Diabetes management |
| Premaratne, 1999 (UK) | RCT | Nurses | Community clinic patient | Health care clinic | Asthma management |
| Rood, 2005 (Netherlands) | RCT | Nurses | Adult, inpatient | Hospital—Inpatient | Glucose regulation |
| Ruijter, 2018 (Netherlands) | RCT | Nurses | Adult, outpatient | Community Primary Care Clinic | Smoking cessation |
| Snelgrove-Clarke, 2015 (Canada) | RCT | Nurses | Adult, low risk labor and delivery patient | Hospital—Inpatient | Fetal health surveillance |
| Titler, 2009; Brooks, 2008 (USA) | RCT | Nurses, Physicians | Older adults | Hospital—Inpatient | Acute pain management |
| Tjia, 2015 (USA) | cRCT | Nurses | Nursing home residents | Long term care | Antipsychotic prescribing |
| Vallerand, 2004 (USA) | RCT | Nurses | Adult outpatient | Hospital—Outpatient | Cancer pain management |
| Van Gaal, 2011a; 2011b (Netherlands) | RCT | Nurses | Older adults | Long term care and Hospitals—inpatient | Patient care guidelines to prevent adverse events including: pressure ulcers, urinary tract infections and falls |
| VonLengerke, 2017 (Germany) | RCT | Nurses, Physicians | Adult intensive care inpatient | Hospital—Inpatient | Hand hygiene |
| Weiss, 2019 (USA) | cRCT | Nurses | Adults, medical surgical | Hospital—Inpatient | Discharge Readiness Assessment |
| Wright, 1997 (USA) | RCT | Nurses | Adult inpatient | Hospital—Inpatient | Universal precautions-related behaviors |
| Zhu, 2018 (China) | RCT | Nurses | Adult, outpatient | Community Primary Care Clinic | Hypertension management |