Table 3.

In vitro experiments with SSAs and their results.

Somatostatin analog	Cell line	Mechanism	Result	References
SSA RC-160+CCK	Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells	Inhibition of CCK-induced intracellular cGMP formation and activation of p42-MAP kinase phosphorylation and activity	Inhibition of cell proliferation in response to the administration of cholecystokinin	[93]
Lanreotide	Human HepG2 cells	Potential action through the SST3 and/or insulin and IGF	Antiproliferative effect proportional to the SSA dose established	[78]
Octreotide	Human BEL-7402 cells	Potentially correlated to the antineoplastic effect of SSA	Antiproliferative effect proportional to the SSA dose established	[80]
Octreotide	SMMC-7721 HCC cells	Antineoplastic action potentially attributable to decreased DNA synthesis	Antiproliferative and apoptotic effect and also decreased tumor growth in xenografted mice	[79]
SSA RC-160	Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) DG-44 cells	A Gi/o protein-coupled receptor inhibits cell proliferation via ERK signaling	Inhibition of cell proliferation	[87]
Octreotide	Human HepG2, SMMC-7721, and L-02 cells	Some mechanism most probably associated with SST3	Antiproliferative effect proportional to the SSA dose established	[44]
Receptor agonists	Human HepG2, HuH7, and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs)	Signaling pathways linked to SSTs	Reduced migration of cancer cells but no antiproliferative effect observed	[52]
Octreotide±lamivudine	Human HepG2 and HepG2x	Signaling pathways linked to SSTR2 and SSTR5	Increased apoptotic effect on the HepG2 cell line	[82]
L-779,976	HEK 293 cell clone	Inhibiting adenylate cyclase, activating ERK1/2, and inducing the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1)	Inducement of cell cycle arrest	[88]
Octreotide	SMMC-7221 cells	Activation of the Fas-FasL ligand system	Inducement of apoptosis	[47]
Octreotide	Human Bel-7402	Some mechanisms linked to SSTR2	No antiproliferative effect but no xenografted HCC development	[83]
Octreotide	Human HepG2 cells	Caspase-mediated signaling pathways	Inhibition of proliferation at high octreotide doses and proliferation of promotion at low octreotide doses	[96]
Octreotide	Rat hepatic stellate cells (HSCs)	A mechanism related to the cytokine environment of HSCs	Varied effect. General reduction in collagen synthesis related to PDFG and TGFb1	[85]
Octreotide, lanreotide, SOM230	Human Bel-7402 cells	Some mechanisms linked to SSTR expression variation	Apoptotic effect observed and improved survivability and life quality after the xenograft on mice	[84]