Table 2:
Comparison of Functional Outcomes in Asian/ Pacific Islander and Non-Hispanic White Survivors
| Asian/ Pacific Islander | Non-Hispanic White | Comparison of T-scores§ | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||
| Mean (SD) | % impaired | Mean (SD) | % impaired | Est. | 95%CI | P | |
|
| |||||||
| Neurocognitive function * | n=175 | n=10,479 | |||||
| Task Efficiency | 56.23 (15.16) | 30.6 | 54.73 (14.06) | 24.7 | 0.91 | (−1.79, 3.61) | 0.51 |
| Emotional Regulation | 50.33 (11.79) | 17.1 | 52.15 (11.10) | 19.0 | −1.57 | (−3.92, 0.78) | 0.19 |
| Organization | 51.32 (10.44) | 12.7 | 51.18 (10.92) | 12.8 | −0.31 | (−2.03, 1.41) | 0.72 |
| Memory | 54.13 (13.27) | 32.1 | 53.28 (12.33) | 25.3 | 0.82 | (−1.49, 3.13) | 0.49 |
| Emotional status Ɨ | n=164 | n=9803 | |||||
| Anxiety | 45.64 (9.13) | 5.5 | 46.97 (9.26) | 7.4 | −1.05 | (−2.97, 0.87) | 0.29 |
| Depression | 48.09 (9.70) | 10.9 | 48.55 (9.50) | 11.1 | −0.02 | (−2.00, 1.96) | 0.99 |
| Somatization | 47.89 (7.99) | 6.1 | 49.42 (8.74) | 11.4 | −1.04 | (−2.47, 0.39) | 0.15 |
| Health-related quality of life † | n=198 | n=12001 | |||||
| Performance Function | 52.13 (8.32) | 12.2 | 51.42 (9.40) | 11.7 | 0.35 | (−0.67, 1.37) | 0.50 |
| Role Physical | 52.04 (9.21) | 12.2 | 50.97 (9.77) | 13.9 | 0.85 | (−0.52, 2.22) | 0.23 |
| Bodily Pain | 54.11 (8.98) | 10.2 | 51.32 (10.12) | 16.1 | 2.48 | (1.17, 3.79) | <0.001 |
| General Health | 48.74 (10.76) | 21.8 | 48.52 (11.31) | 22.6 | −0.51 | (−2.49, 1.47) | 0.62 |
| Vitality | 50.37 (9.64) | 17.1 | 48.96 (10.33) | 22.1 | 1.15 | (−0.46, 2.76) | 0.16 |
| Social Functioning | 49.79 (9.95) | 15.2 | 50.15 (10.38) | 14.3 | −0.17 | (−1.70, 1.36) | 0.82 |
| Role Emotional | 49.81 (11.37) | 17.4 | 50.37 (10.10) | 16.0 | −0.47 | (−2.31, 1.37) | 0.62 |
| Mental Health | 50.16 (10.31) | 18.2 | 49.88 (9.96) | 17.2 | 0.06 | (−1.65, 1.77) | 0.94 |
| Social attainment | |||||||
| n | % | n | % | OR | 95% CI | P | |
| Education level: | |||||||
| Below college graduate | 74 | 36.5 | 6359 | 52.3 | 0.50 | (0.34, 0.73) | <0.001 |
| College graduate and above | 129 | 63.5 | 5794 | 47.7 | |||
| Household income | |||||||
| < 20,000 | 20 | 12.4 | 2265 | 24.7 | 0.75 | (0.45, 1.24) | 0.26 |
| ≥ 20,000 | 142 | 87.6 | 6908 | 75.3 | |||
| Employment status | |||||||
| Unemployed | 43 | 30.7 | 2748 | 29.3 | 0.96 | (0.60, 1.52) | 0.86 |
| Employed/ Student | 97 | 69.3 | 6617 | 70.7 | |||
| Current marital status | |||||||
| Ever married | 59 | 41.5 | 6008 | 64.2 | |||
| Never married | 83 | 58.5 | 3344 | 35.8 | 2.83 | (1.94, 4.12) | <0.001 |
| Independent living | |||||||
| Yes | 87 | 60.8 | 7742 | 82.1 | |||
| No | 56 | 39.2 | 1693 | 17.9 | 3.12 | (2.02, 4.80) | <0.001 |
CNS: central nervous system; CI: confidence interval; Est: estimate; OR: odds ratio; SD: standard deviation
The comparison between API and NHW survivors was conducted using the continuous T-scores as the primary outcome. Models were adjusted for sex, age at evaluation and treatment variables (intrathecal methotrexate, intravenous methotrexate and cranial radiation dose). Non-Hispanic White survivors were assigned as the referent group.
Neurocognitive function referred to scores on the Neurocognitive Questionnaire (NCQ). A higher score indicates more cognitive problems. Impaired performance was defined as a score falling ≥90th percentile based on values obtained in the sibling cohort
Emotional status referred to scores on the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI-18). A higher score indicates more symptoms. Significant distress will be defined as T-scores ≥ 63 (90th percentile) for each subscale.
Health-related quality of life referred to scores on the Short-form 36 (SF-36). A higher score indicates better quality of life. Impairment was defined as a score falling below a T-score of 40 (1 standard deviation below the mean)