Table 3.

Multilevel logistic regression of individual and contextual factors associated with barriers to healthcare among women in Papua New Guinea (random effects results)

Barriers	Model 0	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Getting permission to go to hospital
N		14 653	14 653	14 653
Variance PSU	0.41	0.32	0.21	0.23
Variance region	1.18	1.09	1.06	1.03
AIC	15 685.71	15 559.55	15 618.38	15 526.05
ICC PSU	0.08	0.07	0.05	0.04
ICC region	0.33	0.30	0.28	0.27
Distance to health facility
N		14 653	14 653	14 653
Variance PSU	1.96	1.46	0.10	0.11
Variance region	2.63	2.31	1.90	1.86
AIC	15 128.07	14 994.63	14 840.61	14 787.14
ICC PSU	0.25	0.21	0.02	0.03
ICC region	0.58	0.53	0.38	0.37
Getting money needed for treatment
N		14 653	14 653	14 653
Variance PSU	1.96	1.46	0.10	0.11
Variance region	2.63	2.31	1.90	1.86
AIC	15 128.07	14 994.63	14 840.61	14 787.14
ICC PSU	0.25	0.21	0.02	0.03
ICC region	0.58	0.53	0.38	0.37
Not wanting to go alone
N		14 653	14 653	14 653
Variance PSU	0.64	0.53	0.21	0.21
Variance region	1.51	1.44	1.18	1.22
AIC	16 907.78	16 535.31	16 748.45	16 411.60
ICC PSU	0.12	0.10	0.04	0.05
ICC region	0.40	0.37	0.30	0.30
At least one barrier
N		14 653	14 653	14 653
Variance PSU	0.81	0.53	0.19	0.20
Variance region	1.40	1.19	1.01	1.00
AIC	15 075.49	14 786.58	14 809.11	14 631.64
ICC PSU	0.15	0.11	0.04	0.04
ICC region	0.40	0.34	0.27	0.27

AIC, Akaike's information criterion; ICC, intraclass correlation; PSU, primary sampling units.