TABLE 3.
Energy and nutrient intakes and adequacy ratios of diets including supplements, between control and intervention groups1
| Control (diet including IFA) (n = 253) | Intervention (diet including IFA+BEP) (n = 217) | Difference (95% CI)2 | P | NAR control (diet including IFA) (n = 253) | NAR intervention (diet including IFA+BEP) (n = 217) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy, kcal/d | 1942 (1575, 2405) | 2329 (1855, 3008) | 448 (291, 605) | <0.013 | NA | NA |
| Fat, g/d | 33.9 (18.4, 57.6) | 58.4 (42.1, 81.3) | 25.6 (19.1, 32.0) | <0.013 | NA | NA |
| Percentage of energy from fat | 16.2 (9.24, 23.4) | 23.2 (18.8, 27.9) | 6.74 (5.14, 8.34) | <0.014 | NA | NA |
| Protein, g/d | 50.6 (37.8, 67.9) | 63.7 (49.6, 85.1) | 15.2 (9.91, 20.5) | <0.013 | 0.98 (0.74, 1.00) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) |
| Percentage of energy from protein, mean ± SD | 10.8 ± 2.43 | 11.4 ± 1.94 | 0.51 (0.10, 0.91) | 0.015 | NA | NA |
| CHO, g/d | 340 (269, 424) | 362 (280, 469) | 37.5 (12.9, 62.0) | <0.013 | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) |
| Percentage of energy from CHO, mean ± SD | 69.8 ± 9.80 | 62.7 ± 7.41 | −7.15 (−8.76, −5.54) | <0.015 | NA | NA |
| Calcium, mg/d | 407 (273, 587) | 899 (744, 1149) | 515 (449, 582) | <0.013 | 0.50 (0.33, 0.71) | 1.00 (0.90, 1.00) |
| Iron, mg/d | 81.9 (76.3, 90.6) | 103 (97.1, 110) | 20.5 (18.0, 23.0) | <0.013 | 0.74 (0.69, 0.82)6 | 0.93 (0.87, 1.00)6 |
| 1.00 (1.00, 1.00)6 | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00)6 | |||||
| 1.00 (1.00, 1.00)6 | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00)6 | |||||
| Zinc, mg/d | 8.96 (6.74, 11.4) | 23.7 (21.4, 26.9) | 14.6 (13.7, 15.5) | <0.013 | 0.57 (0.43, 0.71)7 | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00)7 |
| Vitamin A, RAE/d | 154 (75.7, 379) | 910 (824, 1133) | 764 (656, 873) | <0.013 | 0.29 (0.14, 0.71) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) |
| Thiamin, mg/d | 0.68 (0.47, 1.07) | 2.13 (1.88, 2.49) | 1.40 (1.29, 1.51) | <0.013 | 0.57 (0.39, 0.89) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) |
| Riboflavin, mg/d | 0.64 (0.46, 0.91) | 1.99 (1.79, 2.32) | 1.33 (1.24, 1.42) | <0.013 | 0.53 (0.38, 0.76) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) |
| Niacin, mg/d | 7.30 (5.48, 9.90) | 22.3 (20.1, 24.9) | 14.8 (13.8, 15.9) | <0.013 | 0.52 (0.39, 0.71) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) |
| Vitamin B-6, mg/d | 1.03 (0.80, 1.40) | 2.90 (2.65, 3.28) | 1.85 (1.75, 1.95) | <0.013 | 0.64 (0.50, 0.88) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) |
| Folate, μg/d | 605 (544, 754) | 1006 (931, 1156) | 399 (353, 444) | <0.013 | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) |
| Vitamin B-12, mg/d | 0.05 (0.01, 0.25) | 2.63 (2.61, 2.79) | 2.33 (2.02, 2.63) | <0.014 | 0.02 (0.00, 0.11) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) |
| Vitamin C, mg/d | 35.2 (19.0, 53.8) | 133 (115, 156) | 102 (91.6, 113) | <0.014 | 0.50 (0.28, 0.77) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) |
Values are medians (IQR) unless otherwise indicated. BEP, balanced energy-protein; CHO, carbohydrate; IFA, iron–folic acid; NA, not applicable; NAR, Nutrient Adequacy Ratio; RAE, retinol activity equivalents.
Group differences were estimated using crude observed nutrient intake values by fitting linear regression models adjusted for health center and enumerator as fixed-effect covariates.
Significant differences between study groups were tested on log-transformed values in case the assumption of normality was violated.
Significant differences between study groups were tested by fitting quantile regression models based on the crude values in case the assumption of normality was violated but the outcomes were not amenable to transformation.
Significant differences between study groups were tested on crude values in case the data were normally distributed.
Values, from top to bottom, are adjusted for low (5%), medium (10%), and high (16%) bioavailability for iron.
Values are adjusted for 25% bioavailability for zinc in our setting of predominantly cereal-based diets.