TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics by tertile of PDI among Boston Puerto Rican participants without diabetes at baseline 1
| Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 204 | 243 | 199 | |
| PDI, median (range) | 48 (35–51) | 54 (52–57) | 61 (58–71) | |
| Age,2 y | 54.9 ± 0.5 | 55.5 ± 0.5 | 56.0 ± 0.5 | 0.143 |
| Sex | 0.164 | |||
| Men | 30.9 | 28.4 | 24.6 | |
| Women | 69.1 | 71.6 | 75.4 | |
| Education | 0.674 | |||
| <5th grade | 17.2 | 17.9 | 19.6 | |
| 5th–8th grade | 25.0 | 22.5 | 23.6 | |
| 9th–12th grade | 45.1 | 42.1 | 36.2 | |
| Some college or more | 12.7 | 17.5 | 20.6 | |
| Marital status | 0.544 | |||
| Married/living as married, spouse in HH | 28.9 | 30.0 | 33.2 | |
| Married, spouse not in HH | 4.4 | 0.83 | 4.5 | |
| Divorced/separated | 38.7 | 47.5 | 34.7 | |
| Widowed | 12.3 | 11.3 | 11.6 | |
| Never married | 15.7 | 10.4 | 16.1 | |
| Income-to-poverty ratio5 | 132 ± 16.6 | 156 ± 15.4 | 166 ± 16.9 | 0.1443 |
| Total energy,5 kcal/d | 1909 ± 60.8 | 2351 ± 56.4 | 2562 ± 62.7 | <0.0013 |
| Smoking status | 0.654 | |||
| Never (<100 cigarettes in entire life) | 41.7 | 44.9 | 45.2 | |
| Smoked in the past, but not currently | 30.9 | 28.8 | 27.1 | |
| Currently smoke | 27.5 | 26.3 | 27.6 | |
| Alcohol frequency | 0.634 | |||
| None within past year | 50.3 | 49.4 | 50.5 | |
| Moderate | 39.9 | 36.4 | 43.9 | |
| Heavy | 9.9 | 14.2 | 5.6 | |
| Physical activity score5 | 31.8 ± 0.4 | 32.8 ± 0.3 | 32.8 ± 0.4 | 0.043 |
| Psychological acculturation score5 | 17.9 ± 0.5 | 19.2 ± 0.5 | 19.1 ± 0.5 | 0.093 |
| Depressive symptomatology score5 | 19.7 ± 0.9 | 18.7 ± 0.9 | 18.6 ± 1.0 | 0.413 |
| BMI,5 kg/m2 | 29.5 ± 0.4 | 29.6 ± 0.4 | 30.0 ± 0.5 | 0.413 |
| Hypertension | 0.304 | |||
| No hypertension | 41.7 | 46.3 | 46.9 | |
| Hypertension | 58.3 | 53.8 | 53.1 | |
| Plasma triglycerides,5 mmol/L | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 0.793 |
| Use of antilipemic agents | 0.824 | |||
| Not taking medications | 77.0 | 76.5 | 77.9 | |
| Taking medications | 23.0 | 23.5 | 22.1 |
Values are means ± SEs or percentages. Baseline diabetes status was defined as fasting plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L), glycated hemoglobin ≥ 6.5% (48 mmol/mol), or use of hypoglycemic agents. The PDI was defined by 18 food groups according to healthy, less healthy, and animal food groups. For all tertiles, a higher score is indicative of greater adherence to the dietary pattern. HH, household; PDI, overall plant-based diet index.
Adjusted for sex.
P-trend was calculated by using the median value of each PDI tertile as a continuous variable for continuous variables.
P-difference was calculated using the median value of each PDI tertile as a continuous variable for categorical variables.
Adjusted for age and sex.