Fig. 4.

Canopy architecture. Violin plots of (A) kite area (m²) by family and (B) 2-D kite models in descending order. Mean canopy diameter height (MCDH) within 2-D kites is represented by filled circles, and maximum trunk length (TRKL) by red lines. Axes of 2-D kites are 1:1. Archetype analysis (C) using the ratios of maximum canopy diameter (MCD) (x-axis) and maximum canopy diameter height (MCDH) (y-axis) to plant height, and simplex plot showing 2-D-projected direction, with archetypes 1–4 depicted graphically in the key. Scatterplot (D) of kite circularity and kite branch angle (KBA). Mean KBA for all F₁ individuals, the common parent (CP), and KBA at maximum circularity (45°), are depicted in red, green, and black hashed lines, respectively. Point color opacity represents biomass accumulation, low to high. Model II linear regression of (E) log-transformed wet biomass and basal stem diameter.