Table 3.
The association between β-blocker prescription and incident OA and pain: stratified according to drug class
| β-blocker classb | Events (n) | Person- time (years) | Event rate (95% CI) / 1000 person-years |
PS-matched and adjustedc HR (95% CI) | Events (n) |
Person- time (years) | Event rate (95% CI) / 1000 person-years |
PS-matched and adjusted HRc (95% CI) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Knee OA | Knee pain | |||||||||
| Unexposeda | 986 | 262 003 |
3.76 (3.54, 4.01) |
1 | 3074 | 255 003 |
12.06 (11.64, 12.49) |
1 | ||
| Non-selective, low-lipophilic | 39 | 10 462 |
3.73 (2.72, 5.10) |
0.84 (0.60, 1.17) |
124 | 10 127 |
12.24 (10.27, 14.60) |
0.85 (0.71, 1.02) |
||
| Non-selective, high lipophilic, MSE | 101 | 38 419 |
2.63 (2.16-3.20) |
0.78 (0.63, 0.95) |
392 | 37 508 |
10.45 (9.47, 11.54) |
0.80 (0.72, 0.89) |
||
| β1selective, low-lipophilic | 900 | 240 757 |
3.74 (3.50, 4.00) |
0.92 (0.84, 1.01) |
2860 | 232 271 |
12.31 (11.87, 12.77) |
0.88 (0.83, 0.93) |
||
| β1selective, high lipophilic | 33 | 8635 |
3.82 (2.72, 5.38) |
0.95 (0.67, 1.35) |
88 | 8370 |
10.51 (8.53, 12.96) |
0.81 (0.66, 1.00) |
||
| Hip OA | Hip pain | |||||||||
| Unexposeda | 451 | 263 753 |
1.71 (1.56, 1.88) |
1 | 1767 | 259 515 |
6.81 (6.50, 7.13) |
1 | ||
| Non-selective, low-lipophilic | 15 | 10 567 |
1.42 (0.86, 2.35) |
0.74 (0.44, 1.23) |
73 | 10 345 |
7.06 (5.61, 8.88) |
0.84 (0.67, 1.07) |
||
| Non-selective, high lipophilic, MSE | 46 | 38 600 |
1.19 (0.89, 1.59) |
0.79 (0.58, 1.07) |
216 | 38 035 |
5.68 (4.97, 6.49) |
0.88 (0.76, 1.01) |
||
| β1selective, low-lipophilic | 433 | 243 134 |
1.78 (1.62, 1.96) |
0.96 (0.84, 1.10) |
1557 | 238 680 |
6.53 (6.22, 6.86) |
0.83 (0.77, 0.89) |
||
| β1selective, high lipophilic | 20 | 8678 |
2.30 (1.49, 3.57) |
1.26 (0.80, 1.97) |
68 | 8498 |
8.00 (6.31, 10.15) |
1.07 (0.84, 1.36) |
||
Comparison group is unexposed to β-blockers;
β-blocker properties
Propensity score–matched and adjusted for age, number of GP consultations, hospital out-patient referrals, hospital admissions in the 12-month period preceding cohort entry, total number of GP consultations for knee or hip injury prior to cohort entry, and non-osteoporotic fractures; ISE: intrinsic sympathomimetic effect; MSE: membrane-stabilizing effect. Drugs from the rest of the β-blocker class combinations are not used in clinical practice. Lipophilic non-selective β-blockers, lipophilic non-selective β-blockers with ISE and MSE, low-lipophilic non-selective β-blockers with ISE and MSE, low-lipophilic β1-selecive blockers with ISE and MSE were excluded, because the numbers of outcome events were fewer than 50 for both knee pain and knee OA.